Adv Behav Econ pdf


v and the cost schedule  c



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12jun13 aromi advances behavioral economics

v
and the cost schedule 
c
represent rewards and costs as a
function of when the person does the activity. However, the person does not neces-
sarily receive the rewards and costs immediately upon completion of the activity.
Indeed, we differentiate cases precisely by when rewards and costs are experi-
enced. Some activities, such as writing a paper or mowing the lawn, are unpleas-
ant to perform, but create future benefits. We refer to activities where the cost is
incurred immediately while the reward is delayed as activities having 
immediate
costs
. Other activities, such as seeing a movie or taking a vacation, are pleasurable
to perform, but may create future costs. We refer to activities where the reward is
received immediately while the cost is delayed as activities having 
immediate 
rewards
.
10
We analyze these two cases using the (
b

d
) preferences outlined in section 1.
For simplicity, we assume 
d
5
1; i.e., we assume that there is no “long-term” 
Loewenstein (1991), Ainslie and Haslam (1992a), Glazer and Weiss (1992), Shefrin and Thaler
(1992), Wertenbroch (1993), and Laibson (1994, 1995, 1997). Ainslie (1974) explores similar issues
with pigeons. As many have emphasized, especially Ainslie (1992) and Watterson (1993, pp. 83–88),
a sort of intrapersonal “bargaining” can arise because of the basic disagreements we have with our-
selves about when we should do something.
10
We occasionally make reference to a third case where both rewards and costs are immediate. The
fourth case–neither rewards nor costs are immediate—is not of interest because it is equivalent to the
case of time consistency, which we study.



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