Adjective and nouns Nouns and verbs Chapter II compounds and idioms

2.2 Synonyms and their collocations
English words have several meanings. This makes synonyms very difficult to study. A word may be synonymous with another word in one meaning but not in another meaning, and a third word may be a synonym for it in yet another meaning. In many cases, it's not enough to know the meanings of the synonyms in a group and have one or two examples of their use, and it's sometimes difficult to single out the most general synonym that can substitute for the other synonyms in a group.
In such cases, it is useful to make short lists of collocations that illustrate the use of difficult synonyms and help you to see their differences. For example, the synonyms "to strike, to hit" are often interchangeable in the meaning "to deliver a blow". The verb "strike" is more general in meaning. The verb "hit" is a little less formal than the verb "strike" and often implies a strong aimed hit. Collocations in which the verbs "strike, hit" are used show more clearly their similarities and differences.
Some collocations with the verb "strike":
to strike a blow; he struck her; she struck the dog with a stick; to strike someone on the head; he struck his head on the wall; to strike hard; to strike repeatedly; to strike a match; to strike a bargain; to strike hands; to strike home; to strike oil; to strike it rich; the clock struck five; the ship struck a rock; the lightning struck the tree; to strike someone speechless; it strikes me as strange that...; the enemy struck at dawn.
Some collocations with the verb "hit"
he hit her; she hit the dog with a stick; to hit someone on the head; to hit below the belt; to hit a man when he is down; hit someone where it hurts; to hit the nail with a hammer; he hit his elbow on the door; to hit hard; to hit repeatedly; to hit the ball; to hit the target; to hit the mark; to hit home; to hit on a solution (on an idea; on the right road); to be badly hit by inflation; he was hit by a car; the car hit the tree; the enemy hit at dawn; prices hit a new low
Various examples of collocations with verbs, nouns and prepositions are given in Verb Synonyms and Prepositions in Collocations in the section Vocabulary.
Typical word combinations that regularly occur in English speech and writing are called collocations. In other words, collocations are those word combinations and short phrases which your English teacher asked you to memorize as examples of use when you studied new words. The verb "to collocate" has the following meanings: to place together, to arrange in proper order. Collocations consist of two or more words that frequently go together. Collocations show how words combine with other words in a group of words. For example: play a game, play football; do an exercise, make a mistake; arrive in London, arrive at a conclusion; a computer monitor, the monitor of a computer; keep going, keep me posted, keep silence, keep it to yourself; looks quiet, speaks quietly; a little girl, rest a little, a little better. Frequently used words occur in a large number of collocations. It is advisable to arrange them in certain order for easier memorization when you are studying them. English words collocate with one another according to several typical patterns of use. Using collocations will considerably improve your ability to speak English. Collocations are large building blocks for sentences; just adapt them a little grammatically, and they are ready for use. Knowing collocations will also improve your listening and comprehension skills: you will be able to expect the next word (words) of the speaker, and consequently, to understand and respond quicker. Besides, collocations are much easier to remember than isolated words, because the ties between words in a phrase work as associations for your memory. English words have several meanings. This makes synonyms very difficult to study. A word may be synonymous with another word in one meaning but not in another meaning, and a third word may be a synonym for it in yet another meaning. In many cases, it's not enough to know the meanings of the synonyms in a group and have one or two examples of their use, and it's sometimes difficult to single out the most general synonym that can substitute for the other synonyms in a group. In such cases, it is useful to make short lists of collocations that illustrate the use of difficult synonyms and help you to see their differences. For example, the synonyms "to strike, to hit" are often interchangeable in the meaning "to deliver a blow". The verb "strike" is more general in meaning. The verb "hit" is a little less formal than the verb "strike" and often implies a strong aimed hit. Collocations in which the verbs "strike, hit" are used show more clearly their similarities and differences.
Good dictionaries give examples of collocations together with word definitions. You can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations, for example, Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English, Oxford University Press, 2002

Conclusion

If you have been studying English even for a short time, chances are you have already heard or read hundreds of collocations.
A collocation is a group of two or more words that is almost always used together. Here are a few examples:
heavy rain
big decision
break a habit
make a mistake
It would sound strange if someone said, “huge rain” “large decision” “finish a habit” or “do a mistake.” Most people would understand the meaning, but native English speakers would never combine words in that way. We would not say, for instance, “I’m hoping to hear about the large decision later today.”
The point is that some words go together in English and some do not. There is no grammatical reason why. And that sometimes makes collocations difficult for English learners. If you don’t know, for example, that “big decision” is a collocation, it is not so easy to guess.
Another thing that can make these things tricky is that many English words have several collocations. For instance, the word “decision” can be used in “difficult decision,” “final decision” and many others.
Today on Everyday Grammar, we will give you three practice exercises on collocations. Improving your use of collocations will help your English sound more natural, which will make you more easily understood.
One of the best ways to look for collocations is to read and listen to many things in English. This will help you start to recognize them when you see and hear them.

In this first exercise, you will hear a short story with several collocations. Most in the story begin with common verbs such as have, get, make and take. But note that collocations can be made of any part of speech, not just verbs, but also nouns, adverbs and adjectives.

Earlier, I told you that some English words have many collocations. So let’s take a few words from the story and see what I mean. You can find a few good collocation dictionaries online, such as freecollocation.com.*
Now, try looking up the word “make” and find two collocations that were not in the story. Then, look up the word “time” and find two collocations that were not in the story.
For “make,” you might for example find “make an effort” and “make money.” For “time,” you might for example find “free time” and “take your time.”
Again, there are many possibilities for each word. These are just a few.
Using a collocation dictionary can be helpful, but do not attempt to make long lists and memorize them. Instead, note just a few collocations every time and write a sentence or two for each that relates to your own life. For example, for “free time,” you might write “I wish I had more free time during the week” or “I will finally have free time when I go home for the holiday.”

List of literatute

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