Achievements of Uzbekistan in the years of independence

---

Achievements of Uzbekistan in the years of 
independence 
Independence – the basis of the economic development achievements of 
Uzbekistan 
Date:
Tuesday, 08 September 2015 
During the years of independence, the economy of the Republic of 
Uzbekistan has been evolving on basis of the national model developed 
by President Islam Karimov, considering such factors as the social and 
economic potential of the country, history of the Uzbek people, national 
values, as well as the best international practices. 
Implementation of five basic principles of transition to a socially-oriented 
free market economy during reforms has enabled the country to achieve 
desired results, provide sustainable economic growth and improve 
national welfare in a short historical period. 
As a result of reforms, the structure of the economy was radically 
changed, a reliable legal framework for dynamic economic development 
and favourable investment climate were created. 
This is supported by such macroeconomic indicators as increase of the 
gross national product by 5.5 times during the years of independence, 
while GDP per capita (PPP) has risen by 4 times. Since 2005, state 
budget execution reached annual surplus contributing to the 
strengthening of macroeconomic stability. 
Favourable investment climate and stimulating measures, as well as 
guaranteed protection of the rights of investors, contributed to the 
increase in the volume of accumulated investments to $190 billion, 
including $65 billion of foreign investments. 
In turn, steady investment flows into industrial sector in Uzbekistan allow 
creating entirely new industries, such as automotive, petrogaschemicals, 
oil and gas equipment, railway engineering, production of modern 

---

building materials, home appliances, pharmaceuticals, food and textile, 
etc. These brunches produce more than 60% of the total industrial output 
with high added value, which is competitive on the world market. 
In particular, the automotive industry of the country today consists of 200 
companies employing more than 25,000 people. A number of joint 
ventures were created with world famous automakers like General 
Motors, MAN, Isuzu, Itochu and successfully operate in Uzbekistan. 
As part of the program to ensure energy independence and development 
of oil and gas processing industries, Bukhara Oil Refinery, Shurtan Gas 
Chemical Complex, Kungrad Soda Plant, Dehkanabad Potash Fertilizer 
Plant and a number of other high-tech production facilities were built in 
collaboration with foreign partners. Currently, the Ustyurt Gas Chemical 
Complex at Surgil field is under active construction. 
In recent years Uzbekistan is actively implementing policy measures on 
modernization and technological renewal of industries, enhancing their 
production efficiency. As a result, labour productivity in the country has 
increased by 2.2 times during the period from 2000 to 2014. 
Uzbekistan Fund for Reconstruction and Development (UFRD), created 
in 2006, plays an important role in the implementation of modernization 
and effective investment policy in the Republic. Its assets reached $25 
billion this year. 
The active participation of the UFRD in implementation of new 
infrastructure projects has been served to attract more than $10 billion of 
foreign investment and loans in the form of co-financing from the World 
Bank, Asian Development Bank, Islamic Development Bank, financial 
institutions of Japan, South Korea, China and other foreign banks and 
investors. 
On-going measures on to strengthening the country's export capacity 
allowed to increase the volume of Uzbek exports by more than 30 times. 
Despite different global downturns and recessions, Uzbekistan has 
consistently provided trade surplus over the past 17 years. 
The structure of agricultural production has radically changed during the 
years of independence. A shift from administrative planning and 

---

distribution system to free market relations became the most important 
and fundamental factor for reforms in this sector. 
Achievements of Uzbekistan in the years of independence 

---

Education System in Uzbekistan
EducationSchool/LevelGradesAgeYearsNotes
Education 
School/Level Grades Age 
Years Notes 
Primary 
Primary 
1–4 
6–10 
4 
Primary and secondary 
education is compulsory 
Middle 
General 
Secondary 
5–9 
10–15
grants access to academic 
and specialized 
post-secondary programs 
Secondary
Technical 
Secondary 
15–17 2 
Secondary 
Upper 
Secondary 
10–11 
15–17 2 
Lyceum, Gymnasium 
Vocational 
Specialized 
Secondary 
17–19 3
Tertiary 
Bachelor 
4
Tertiary 
Diploma of 
Physician 
7 
Tertiary 
Master 
2 
Tertiary 
Doctorate 
6 

---

Primary Education
In Uzbekistan 11 years of education are compulsory and free, beginning 
with 4 years at primary school, and followed by 2 phases of secondary 
education taking 5 and 2 years respectively. Primary school begins at 
age 6 and there is no specific leaving examination after the 4 years are 
complete.
Secondary Education
The next 5 years are spent at general secondary school from ages 10 to 
15. Following that, there is a choice of between 2 to 3 years of upper 
education at either general or technical vocational schools. The former 
provides a certificate of completed secondary education and the 
opportunity to enter university, the latter a diploma of specialized 
secondary education, through a network of secondary vocational 
institutions.
Vocational Education
Unemployment remains relatively high, and there are many people 
desperately in need of new or more appropriate skills. There are a 
number of state and donor programs in place to address the structural 
training shortfall. Eventually, the goal is to meet European union 
standards.
Tertiary Education
Non university-level tertiary education is provided by national enterprise 
training centers and a number of business schools, as well as lycea that 
train professionals in new economic and service fields. Higher education 
is available from several universities and over 50 higher education 
institutes.
The flagship is the Taškent Islamic University opened not many years 
ago. On its grounds still stands the mausoleum of the grandfather of the 
Mughal Emperor Basbur dating from the 15th Century.

---

History of mobile phone 
Cell phone history
YearEvent1876Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone, 
allowing people to talk to each other over great distances.1917A 
patent was filed in 1917 by Eric Tigerstedt for a "pocket-size folding 
telephone with a skinny carbon microphone."1947Bell labs first 
proposed the idea of a cell phone and cellular network in 
1947.1957The CDMA mobile phone technology was first used by 
Russian military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in 1957 when 
he built an experimental wearable mobile phone that utilized 
CDMA.1973The cell phone was invented by Dr. Martin Cooper and 
a team of developers at Motorola in 1973.1973The first call made 
on a cell phone was in 1973 by Dr. Martin Cooper.1979The first 
cellular network in the world, using analog technology, was 
launched in Japan in 1979 by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone. It 
was considered the birth of the first generation of cellular networks, 
or 1G.1987Nokia released their first mobile phone, the Mobira 
Cityman 900, in 1987, which utilized NMT-900 
networks.1983Motorola released the DynaTAC 8000x cell phone in 
1984, which was the first cell phone available on the commercial 
market. It provided 30 minutes of talk time and cost 
$3,995.1990The GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) 

---

standard for mobile phone communications was defined in 
1990.1991Radiolinja was the first company to launch a 
second-generation cellular network, or 2G, in Finland in 1991, using 
the GSM standard.1991Giesecke & Devrient developed the 
first SIM card in 1991 for use by Radiolinja and their GSM cellular 
network.1992Nokia released the Nokia 1011, the first cell phone to 
utilize the GSM standard.1993The first SMS text message was sent 
in 1993 between two cell phones.1994IBM developed the 
first smartphone in 1994, called the Simon Personal Communicator. 
It had e-mail capabilities, an address book, a calculator, a calendar, 
and a notepad.1998Release in 1998, the Nokia 6110 GSM cell 
phone was the first to use an ARM 
processor.1999Kyocera released the Visual Phone VP-210 in 
May 1999, the first cell phone on the commercial market to feature 
a camera with a 110,000-pixel resolution.2002RIM (Research in 
Motion) released the BlackBerry 5810 in 2001, which was the 
first BlackBerry device with phone call capabilities.2001NTT 
DoCoMo was the first company to launch a third-generation cellular 
network, or 3G, in Japan in 2001, using 
the WCDMA standard.2002In April 2002, the first phone to 
support MMS, the Sony Ericsson T68i, was announced. This 
allowed cell phones to send images and videos over 

---

text.2002The T-Mobile Sidekick (aka Danger Hiptop), was released 
in 2002 and was one of the first smartphones outside of Japan to 
see significant usage in terms of data connectivity.2005Nextel 
Communications merged with Sprint in 2005.2005OMRON 
Corporation introduced the first facial recognition system available 
for mobile phones, named OKAO Vision Face Recognition Sensor, 
at the Japan Security Show in March 2005.2007LG released the LG 
Prada mobile phone in May 2007, the first phone to use a 
capacitive touch screen.2007Apple released its first smartphone, 
the iPhone, on June 29, 2007. Because it utilized the 2G cellular 
network standard, it was sometimes referred to as the iPhone 
2G.2008The first WiMAX network, a fourth generation (4G) cellular 
network, was launched in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, and Amsterdam, 
Netherlands, in June 2008.2008HTC released the HTC Dream on 
September 23, 2008, the first smartphone to use 
the Android operating system.2009Motorola released their first 
Android-based smartphone, the Motorola Cliq, in October 
2009.2009The first smartphone to feature 720p HD video capture 
and playback was the Samsung GT-i8910 Omnia HD, announced 
in February 2009.2009The first LTE network, a fourth-generation 
(4G) cellular network, was launched in Sweden by TeliaSonera in 
December 2009.2010The first smartphone in the Google 

---

Nexus family, the Nexus One, was released in January 2010, 
featuring a stock version of the Android operating 
system.2010Samsung released the Samsung
Galaxy S, the first smartphone in their line of Galaxy S smartphones, 
in June 2010.2010Dell released the Venue Pro in November 2010, 
the first smartphone to use the Windows Phone operating 
system.2011The first smartphone to feature a fingerprint 
reader was the Motorola Atrix 4G, released on February 22, 
2011.2011Xiaomi, one of the largest manufacturers of smartphones, 
released their first smartphone, the Xiaomi Mi1, on August 16, 
2011.2011The iPhone 4s smartphone, released on October 4, 2011, 
was the first to include the Siri digital assistant as an integrated 
feature.2012Samsung released their S Voice digital assistant with 
the Galaxy S III in April 2012. The S Voice assistant was the 
precursor to Samsung's Bixby digital assistant, which was 
introduced in 2017.2014The HTC One M8 smartphone, released on 
March 25, 2014, was one of the first smartphones to feature dual 
cameras.2014OnePlus released its first smartphone, the OnePlus 
One, on April 25, 2014.2016Google released the Google 
Pixel smartphone in October 2016, the first smartphone in the 
Google Pixel family. The Google Pixel and Google Pixel XL were 

---

also the first smartphones to feature the Google Assistant digital 
assistant.2017Apple released its new Face ID facial recognition 
system on the iPhone X in November 2017.2018The Huawei P20 
Pro smartphone, released in early 2018, was one of the first 
smartphones to feature a three-camera-lens design.2018The 
merger of Sprint and T-Mobile was announced on April 29, 2018, 
with the $26 billion deal closing in 2020.2018A new company, 
Royole, announced their Royole FlexPai smartphone in November 
2018, the first smartphone to feature a foldable screen 
design.2019Samsung announced their new Galaxy 
Fold smartphone in February 2019, featuring a foldable design and 
the first in Samsung's Galaxy Z Fold family. However, due to several 
design issues, the Galaxy Fold release was postponed until 
September 2019, when it was initially released in South 
Korea.2019South Korea was the first to deploy a fifth-generation 
(5G) cellular network on a large scale in April 
2019.2020Samsung released the Galaxy Z Flip smartphone on 
February 14, 2020, which folds vertically instead of horizontally like 
the Galaxy Z Fold line of smartphones.

---

Sport in my life 
Sport is very important in our life.The general belief is that a person who goes 
in for sports can’t be weak and ill. Physically inactive people get old earlier 
that those, who find time for sport activity. And of course good health is better 
than good medicine.
People all over the world are fond of sports and games. In our country sport is 
being widely popularized as well. The most popular kinds of sport are football, 
volleyball, basketball, tennis, figure-skating, aerobics, ping-pong and 
swimming. A lot of people are fond of jogging. In schools and colleges sport is 
a compulsory subject. Many young people attend sport sections. Some of 
them dream to become professional sportsmen.
As for me, I can’t imagine my life without sport. In summer I go jogging every 
morning and when I have free time I attend swimming pool. In winter I like 
to skate with my friends. It’s fun. Also I’m fond of aerobics. First of all aerobics 
helps to keep myself fit. It also attracts me because it resembles dancing.
In conclusion I’d like to say that I’m absolutely sure that doing sports is the 
best way to keep fit. Sport makes our bodies strong, it prevents us 
from getting too fat, and makes us more self-organized and better disciplined.

---

Introduction to the technical sphere
INTRODUCTION
Technical writing courses introduce you to some of the most important 
aspects of writing in the worlds of science, technology, and business—in 
other words, the kind of writing that scientists, nurses, doctors, computer 
specialists, government officials, engineers, and other such people do as 
a part of their regular work. The skills learned in technical writing courses 
can be useful in other fields as well, including education and social 
sciences.
To learn how to write effectively for the professional world, you will study 
common types of reports, special format items such as lists and headings, 
simple techniques for creating and using graphics in reports, and some 
techniques for producing professional-looking final copy.
Technical writing courses build on what you have learned in other writing 
courses. But there is plenty new to learn! If you currently have a job in 
which you do some writing, you will discover that you can put what you 
learn in your technical writing course to immediate use.
ABOUT TECHNICAL WRITING
While technical communication is essential in a wide range of fields and 
occupations, technical writing is also a fully professional field of its own 
with degree programs, certifications, and—yes!—even theory. It is a good 
field with a lot of growth and income potential, and an introductory 
technical writing course is a good way to start if you are interested in a 
career in this field or will work in a career in which writing is a component.
WORKPLACE WRITING
However, many students of technical writing courses are not necessarily 
planning for a career as a technical writer. That is why this course 
provides you with an introduction to the kinds of writing skills you need in 
practically any technically oriented professional job. No matter what sort 
of professional work you do, you are likely to do some writing—and much 
of it may be technical in nature. The more you know about some basic 
technical writing skills, the better job of writing you’re likely to do. And that 
will be good for the projects you work on, for the organizations you work 
in, and—most of all—good for you and your career.

---

THE MEANING OF “TECHNICAL”
Technical communication—or technical writing, as the course is often 
called—is not writing about a specific technical topic such as computers, 
but about any technical topic. The term “technical” refers to knowledge 
that is not widespread, that is more the territory of experts and specialists. 
Whatever your major is, you are developing an expertise—you are 
becoming a specialist in a particular technical area. And whenever you 
try to write or say anything about your field, you are engaged in technical 
communication.
IMPORTANCE OF AUDIENCE
Another key part of the definition of technical communication is the 
receiver of the information—the audience. Technical communication is 
the delivery of technical information to readers (or listeners or viewers) in 
a manner that is adapted to their needs, level of understanding, and 
background. In fact, this audience element is so important that it is one of 
the cornerstones of this course: you are challenged to write about 
technical subjects but in a way that a beginner—a nonspecialist—could 
understand. This ability to “translate” technical information to 
nonspecialists is a key skill to any technical communicator. In a world of 
rapid technological development, many people are constantly falling 
behind. Technology companies are constantly struggling to find effective 
ways to help customers or potential customers understand the 
advantages or the operation of their new products.
So relax! You don’t have to write about computers or rocket 
science—write about the area of technical specialization you know or are 
learning about. And plan to write about it in such a way that even 
Grandad can understand!
REALLY TECHNICAL WRITING
Keep relaxing, but you should know that professional technical writers do 
in fact write about very technical stuff—information that they cannot begin 
to master unless they go back for a Ph.D. But wait a minute! The 
technical documents have to ship with the product in less than nine 
months! How do they manage? Professional technical writers rely on 
these strategies to ensure the technical accuracy of their work:
Study of books, articles, reports, websites related to the product
Product specifications: what the product is supposed to do, how it is 
designed

---

Interviews with subject matter experts: the product specialists, 
developers, engineers
Product meetings during the development cycle
Live demonstrations of the product
Familiarization with similar, competing products
Experimenting with working models of the product
Subject matter experts’ review of technical writers’ work for technical 
accuracy and completeness
Of course, experienced technical writers will tell you that product 
development moves so fast that specifications are not always possible 
and that working models of the product are rarely available. That’s why 
the subject matter experts’ review is often the most important.
TECHNICAL-WRITING AND ACADEMIC WRITING COURSES
You have probably taken at least one academic writing course before this 
one, so you will be familiar with some of the practices of writing for your 
college classes. The video below will introduce you to some of the 
differences between academic and technical writing.
In technical-writing courses, the main focus is typically the technical 
report, due toward the end of the term. Just about everything you do in 
the course is aimed at developing skills needed to produce that report. Of 
course, some technical-writing courses begin with a resume and 
application letter (often known as the cover letter), but after that you plan 
the technical report, then write a proposal in which you propose to write 
that report. Then you write short documents (memos, emails, outlines, 
drafts) where you get accustomed to using things like headings, lists, 
graphics, and special notices—not to mention writing about technical 
subject matter in a clear, concise, understandable way that is appropriate 
for a specific audience.
Caution: You should be aware that technical-writing courses are 
writing-intensive. You will probably write more in your technical-writing 
course than in any other course you have ever taken. If you are taking a 

---

full load of classes, working full time, and juggling unique family 
obligations, please consider whether this is the right time for you to take 
technical writing. Consult with your professor about the workload for this 
class in order to make your decision.

---

Famous people of Uzbekistan Industry of 
Uzbekistan
Abu Ali al - Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina(AvicennaBorn: 980 in Kharmaithen (near 
Bukhara), Central Asia (now Uzbekistan). Died: June 1037 in Hamadan, Persia 
(now Iran). Ibn Sina or Avicenna was the most influential of all Islamic philosopher 
- scientists. He wrote on medicine as well as geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and 
music. Ibn Sina's two most important works are The Book of Healing and The 
Canon of Medicine. The first is a scientific encyclopaedia covering logic, natural 
sciences, psychology, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic and music. The second is 
the most famous single book in the history of medicine. Ibn Sina wrote about 450 
works, of which around 240 have survived. Of the surviving works, 150 are on 
philosophy while 40 are devoted to medicine, the two fields in which he contributed 
most. He also wrote on psychology, geology, mathematics, astronomy, and logic. 
His most important work as far as mathematics is concerned, however, is his 
immense encyclopaedic work, the Kitab al - Shifa (The Book of Healing). One of 
the four parts of this work is devoted to mathematics and ibn Sina includes 
astronomy and music as branches of mathematics within the encyclopaedia. In 
fact he divided mathematics into four branches, geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, 
and music, and he then subdivided each of these topics. Geometry he subdivided 
into geodesy, statics, kinematics, hydrostatics, and optics; astronomy he 
subdivided into astronomical and geographical tables, and the calendar; 
arithmetic he subdivided into algebra, and Indian addition and subtraction; music 
he subdivided into musical instruments 
Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Politician
Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev is a Uzbek politician who has been Prime 
Minister of Uzbekistan since 2003. Previously he served as governor of 
Jizzakh Province from 1996 to September 2001, then as governor of 
Samarqand Province from September 2001 until his appointment as Prime 
Minister in 2003. He was nominated as Prime Minister by President Islam 
Karimov on December 12, 2003 and approved by the Uzbek parliament. He 
replaced Prime Minister O‘tkir Sultonov. His deputy is Ergash Shoismatov.

---

Islam Karimov
Politician
Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov is the first President of Uzbekistan, ruling 
since 1989. Karimov was placed in an orphanage in Samarkand at birth, 
grew up to study economics and engineering at school. He became an 
official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, becoming the party's 
First Secretary in Uzbekistan in 1989. On March 24, 1990 he became 
President of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Karimov's election to 
the Uzbek Communist Party resulted after his predecessor Rafik 
Nishanov failed to quell inter-ethnic clashes and instability in the Fergana 
region. He declared Uzbekistan an independent nation on August 31, 
1991 and subsequently won Uzbekistan's first presidential election on 
December 29, 1991, with 86% of the vote. The election was called unfair, 
with state-run propaganda and a falsified vote count, although the 
opposing candidate and leader of the Erk Party, Muhammad Salih, had a 
chance to participate. Karimov permitted the participation of the 
opposition organizations Birlik and the Islamic Renaissance Party until 
his efforts to consolidate power over Shukrullo Mirsaidov, a former 
Communist Party elite who had originally supported Karimov's rise to the