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Major sections
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Writing Introductions
There are many ways to introduce an academic essay or short paper. Most academic writers,
however, appear to do one or more of the following in their introductions:
•
establish the context, background and/or importance of the topic
•
indicate an issue, problem, or controversy in the field of study
•
define the topic or key terms
•
state the purpose of the essay or piece of writing
•
provide an overview of the coverage and/or structure of the writing
In very short assignments, it is not uncommon for a writer to commence simply by stating the
purpose of their writing.
Introductions to research dissertations tend to be relatively short but quite complex in terms of
their functional elements. Some of the more common elements or include:
•
establishing the context, background and/or importance of the topic
•
giving a brief synopsis of the relevant literature
•
highlighting the inadequacy of previous research
•
indicating a problem, controversy or a knowledge gap in the field of study
•
establishing the desirability of the research
•
listing the research questions or hypotheses
•
providing a synopsis of the research method(s)
•
explaining the significance or value of the study
•
defining certain key terms
•
providing an overview of the dissertation or report structure
•
explaining reasons for the writer's personal interest in the topic
Examples of phrases which are commonly employed to realise these functions are listed on the
following pages. Note that there may be a certain amount of overlap between some of the
categories under which the phrases are listed. Also, the order in which the different categories of
phrases are shown reflects a typical order but this is far from fixed or rigid, and not all the elements
are present in all introductions.
A number of analysts have identified common patterns in the introductions of research articles.
One of the best known is the CARS model (create a research space) first described by John Swales
(1990)
1
. This model, which utilises an ecological metaphor, has, in its simplest form, three elements
or moves:
•
Establishing the territory (establishing importance of the topic, reviewing previous work)
•
Identifying a niche (indicating a gap in knowledge)
•
Occupying the niche (listing purpose of new research, listing questions, stating value,
indicating structure of writing)
1
Swales, J. (1990) Genre Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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