Cattle domestication from wild aurochsen was among the most
important innovations during the Neolithic agricultural revolution.
The available genetic and archaeological evidence points to at least
two major sites of domestication in India and in the Near East,
where zebu and the taurine breeds would have emerged indepen-
dently. Under this hypothesis, all present-day European breeds
would be descended from cattle domesticated in the Near East and
subsequently spread during the diffusion of herding and farming
lifestyles. We present here previously undescribed genetic evi-
dence in contrast with this view, based on mtDNA sequences from
five Italian aurochsen dated between 7,000 and 17,000 years B.P.
and >1,000 modern cattle from 51 breeds. Our data are compatible
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