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P. A. M. Dirac.
simply assert th at a negative-energy electron
is
a proton, as that would lead
to the following paradoxes :—
(i) A transition of an electron from a state of positive to one of negative
energy would be interpreted as a transition of an electron into a proton,
which would violate the law of conservation of electric charge.
(ii) Although a negative-energy electron moves in an external field as though
it has a positive charge, yet, as one can easily see from a consideration of
conservation of momentum, the field it produces must correspond to its
having a negative charge,
e.g.,
the negative-energy electron will repel
an ordinary positive-energy electron although it is itself attracted by
the positive-energy electron.
(iii) A negative-energy electron will have less energy the faster it moves and
will have to absorb energy in order to be brought to rest. No particles
of this nature have ever been observed.
A closer consideration of the conditions th at we should expect to hold in the
actual world suggests th at the connection between protons and negative-
energy electrons should be on a somewhat different basis and this will be
found to remove all the above-mentioned difficulties.
§ 2.
Solution of the Negative Energy Difficulty.
The most stable states for an electron (
the states of lowest energy) are
those with negative energy and very high velocity. All the electrons in the
world will tend to fall into these states with emission of radiation. The Pauli
exclusion principle, however, will come into play and prevent more than one
electron going into any one state. Let us assume there are so many electrons
in the world th at all the most stable states are occupied, or, more accurately,
that
all the states of negative energy are occupied except perhaps a few of small
velocity.
Any electrons with positive energy will now have very little chance
of jumping into negative-energy states and will therefore behave like electrons
are observed to behave in the laboratory. We shall have an infinite number of
electrons in negative-energy states, and indeed an infinite number per unit
volume all over the world, but if their distribution is exactly uniform we
should expect them to be completely unobservable.
Only the small departures
from exact uniformity, brought about by some of the negative-energy states being
unoccupied, can we hope to observe.
Let us examine the properties of the vacant states or “ holes.” The
Electrons and Protons.
363
problem is analogous to th at of the X-ray levels in an atom with many electrons.
According to the usual theory of the X-ray levels, the hole th a t is formed when
one of the inner electrons of the atom is removed is describable as an orbit
and is pictured as the orbit of the missing electron before it was removed.
This description can be justified by quantum mechanics, provided the orbit
is regarded, not in Bohr’s sense, but as something representable, apart from
spin, by a three-dimensional wave function. Thus the hole or vacancy in a
region th at is otherwise saturated with electrons is much the same thing as a
single electron in a region th a t is otherwise devoid of them.
In the X-ray case the holes should be counted as things of negative energy,
since to make one of them disappear (
i.e
.
, to fill it up), one must add to it an
ordinary electron of positive energy. Ju st the contrary holds, however, for
the holes in our distribution of negative-energy electrons. These holes will
be things of positive energy and will therefore be in this respect like ordinary
particles. Further, the motion of one of these holes in an external electro
magnetic field will be the same as th a t of the negative-energy electron th a t
would fill it, and will thus correspond to its possessing a charge -f-
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