A Survey on Cellular-connected UAVs: Design Challenges, Enabling 5G/B5G Innovations, and Experimental Advancements
eral BSs. On the other hand, the dominant LoS links create
more uplink/downlink interference as compared to ground
users, thereby making the interference management (ICIC)
highly difficult. Other relevant effects to take into account
are fading, shadowing and path-loss. Existing ICIC mech-
anisms may be well suited for current cellular designs, but
fail to handle UAV interference management, which involves
many BSs and impose limitations due to high complexity.
Therefore, there is a need for efficient interference man-
agement techniques for harmonious coexistence of ground
users and UAVs. There are several works in literature [
56
,
57
,
54
] that investigate this problem considering downlink
and uplink interference.
The communication channel mainly involves two types
of links, namely Ground-to-UAV (G2U) link and UAV-to-
Ground (U2G) link. In cellular-connected UAV, the G2U
link serves the downlink purpose of control and command
for proper UAV operations, whereas U2G link serves the up-
link purpose of payload communication. Rayleigh fading is
the commonly used small-scale fading model for terrestrial
channel model, whereas due to the presence of LoS propa-
gation characteristics, Nakagami-m and Rician small-scale
fading are usually preferred for U2G channels. The large-
scale fading is affected because of the 3D coverage region
and varying altitude of UAV. The large-scale fading mod-
els used can be based on a free-space channel model or al-
titude/angle dependent channel model or probabilistic LoS
models:
• Free-space model - In free-space channel model, there
is no effect of fading and shadowing with very lim-
ited obstruction. This model is typically suited for ru-
ral regions where the LoS assumption holds valid be-
tween high altitude UAVs and ground station. How-
ever, in urban environment, the low altitude UAVs
may encounter non-LoS links, therefore need other ap-
proaches to properly map with the propagation envi-
ronment.
• Altitude/Angle dependent model - In this case, the
channel parameters such as shadowing and path loss
exponents are functions of UAV altitude or elevation
angle. These models find their applicability in urban
or sub-urban regions depending upon the deployment.
However, if the altitude does not change or UAVs fly
horizontally, altitude dependent models may not be
found suitable. The elevation angle based models are
mostly used for theoretical study purpose and existing
literatures are also limited in this regard.
• Probabilistic LoS model - The models based on this
approach are typically suited for urban environment
where the LoS and NLoS link between UAV and
ground are considered, due to buildings, obstacles or
blockages. Moreover, the LoS and NLoS compo-
nents are separately modelled based on their occur-
rence probability in urban environment. The nature
of urban environment with respect to building heights
and density are key factors that statistically determine
the LoS and NLoS propagation characteristics.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: