Draft
a piece of writing such as a letter, report, or speech that may not be in its final
form and may have changes made to it
She asked me to check the first draft of her proposal.
Commercial
relating to businesses and their activities
Planning issues continue to stall the company's proposed commercial development
Negotiating
to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach agreement
The dealers who negotiate on behalf of clients are known as commodity brokers.
Clause
a part of a written legal agreement that deals with a particular subject
See clause 8.2(b) of the standard sale agreement.
Ambiguity
a situation in which something has more than one possible meaning and may
therefore cause confusion, or an example of this
We wish to remove any ambiguity concerning our demands.
Availability
the fact or possibility that you can buy, get, or have something
The ready availability of guns has contributed to the escalating violence.
Confidentiality
the fact of private information being kept secret
As soon as he was hired, the company made him sign a confidentiality agreement.
Liability
legal responsibility for something
They still haven't admitted liability for the crash which ruined so many lives.
Advisability
the fact that something should or should not be done in order to avoid a
problem:
They discussed the advisability of building so near to the airport.
Typical
used when you are giving an average or usual example of a particular thing
Typically, a doctor will see about 30 patients a day.
Warranty
a written promise from a company or a person to repair or replace a product
that you buy from them if it develops a fault within a fixed period of time
The laptop can be repaired for free if it's still under warranty.
Guaranty
a promise from someone that something will be done or will happen
The CEO gave employees a guarantee that he would keep the factory open at all
costs.
Finalization
the action of making a final and certain decision about a plan, date, etc
Finalization of the agreement was first reported online.
Comprise
to have as parts or members, or to be those parts or members
Manufacturing comprises 14% of the state's economy.
Include
to contain something as a part of something else, or to make something part
of something else:
The report includes detailed financial information for the past five years.
Remedy
a method of legally solving a problem or disagreement
The company is asking for the commission's remedies to be suspended while the
appeal is underway.
Arbitration
a process in which an independent person makes an official decision that ends
a legal disagreement without the need for it to be solved in court
Arbitration is often preferred by firms in business disputes.
Construe
to understand the meaning, especially of other people's actions and
statements, in a particular way
Any changes to the plan would be construed as indecision.
Breach
an act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship
He was sued for breach of contract.
Precise
exact and accurate
The bunker's precise location is a closely guarded secret.
Twofold
twice as big or as much
a twofold increase in the price of natural gas
Proof
a fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or is true
Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.
Detrimental
causing harm or damage
Their decision could be detrimental to the future of the company.
Fixation
unable to stop thinking about something
He became fixated with his best friend's wife.
Tax
an amount paid to the government based on a person's income, a company’s
profits, the value of goods and services, etc, or this money considered
together
Offshore trading companies are liable to pay tax at a rate of 5%.
Limitation
something that controls or reduces something
There are strict limitations on where such businesses can locate.
Duration
the length of time that something lasts
He planned a stay of two years' duration.
Force majeure
an unexpected event such as a war, crime, or an earthquake which prevents
someone from doing something that is written in a legal agreement
They might now activate the force majeure clauses that will allow them to demand
their money back.
Fulfillment
the act of doing something that you have promised or intended to do
Morales said that owning his own home was the fulfillment of a dream.
Natural disaster
a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or tsunami that kills or injures a
lot of people
Europe's 2003 heat wave claimed more than 30,000 lives, making it the continent's
largest natural disaster in 50 years.
Appendices
a separate part at the end of a report, legal document, book, etc. which gives
extra information
Financial projections are included in an appendix to the business plan.
Commence
to begin something
We will commence building work in August of next year.
Certain
having no doubt or knowing exactly that something is true, or known to be
true, correct, exact, or effective
I feel certain (that) you're doing the right thing.
Rely on
to need a particular thing or the help and support of someone or something in
order to continue, to work correctly, or to succeed
The success of this project relies on everyone making an effort.
Vendor
someone who is selling something
The vendor of the house wants to exchange contracts this week.
Enforceable
possible to make people obey, or possible to make happen or be accepted
The guidelines are legally enforceable.
Assent
official agreement to or approval of an idea, plan, or request
She nodded her assent to the proposal.
Consensual
done with the willing agreement of all the people or groups involved
We prefer to take a consensual approach to decision-making.
Voluntary
done, made, or given willingly, without being forced or paid to do it
She does voluntary work for the Red Cross two days a week.
Promise
to tell someone that you will certainly do something
He promised faithfully to call me every week.
Distinguish
to notice or understand the difference between two things, or to make one
person or thing seem different from another
I sometimes have difficulty distinguishing Spanish from Portuguese.
Bind
to tie something tightly or to fasten something
They bound the packages with brightly coloured ribbon.
Essence
the basic or most important idea or quality of something
Yet change is the very essence of life.
Intent
the intention to do something
He announced his intent to resign.
Fraud
the crime of getting money by deceiving people
He is fighting extradition to Hong Kong to face trial on fraud charges.
Codify
to arrange something, such as laws or rules, into a system
The essential function of our organization is to codify best banking practice.
Valid
based on truth or reason; able to be accepted
My way of thinking might be different from yours, but it's equally valid.
Exclude
to intentionally not include something
The figure is thought to exclude the cost of product development.
Harmonization
the act of making systems or laws the same or similar in different companies,
countries, etc. so that they can work together more easily
Export companies are calling for a harmonization of regulations between America
and the European Union.
Tie
to connect two things in a way that limits other possibilities
Pay and promotions in the organization are tied to performance.
Waiver
an official decision that a rule, or agreement does not have to be obeyed, or
that you will not ask for something that you have a right to
The company recovered $12 million of its start-up costs from a waiver of state
income taxes.
Survival
the state of continuing to exist, and not to fail or be destroyed
His main concern is to ensure his own political survival.
Severability
if a contract is severable, it can be ended
The goods may be delivered in instalments, but the contract is not severable
Straightforward
easy to understand or simple
Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very straightforward.
Misinterpretation
the act of forming a wrong understanding of something that is said or done, or
an example of a wrong understanding
This is a deliberate misinterpretation of events.
Render
to provide or give something such as help or a service to people
The company had failed to render accounts to its shareholders two years in a row.
Chairman
a person, especially a man, who is in charge of a meeting
The chairman called the meeting to order.
Premise
an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based
The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.
Tenant
a person who pays rent for the use of land or a building
Tenants are complaining that vital repairs are not being done.
Promptly
to do something that causes a reaction or makes someone do or think
something
The accusations of fraud prompted an angry response from the company's CEO.
Attempt
to try to do something, especially something difficult
He attempted a joke, but no one laughed.
Ascertain
to make certain of something
I ascertained that no one could overhear us before I told Otto the news.
Retain
to keep or continue to have something
She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.
Deem
to consider or judge something in a particular way
The area has now been deemed safe.
Utilize
to use something in an effective way
The investment strategy is utilized by experienced multinationals.
Elicit
to get or produce something, especially information or a reaction
The questionnaire was intended to elicit information on eating habits.
Concentrate
to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or
problem
Come on, concentrate! We don't have all day to do this.
Revise
to look at or consider again an idea, piece of writing, etc. in order to correct or
improve it
His publishers made him revise his manuscript three times.
Contradict
to say the opposite of what someone else has said, or (of one fact or
statement) to be so different from another fact or statement that one of them
must be wrong
Recent evidence has contradicted established theories on this subject.
Polish
to rub something using a piece of cloth or brush to clean it and make it shine
Polish your shoes regularly to protect the leather.
Strike down
to decide that a law or rule is illegal and should be ignored
The court struck down the law on the grounds that it was unconstitutional.
Reconcile
to compare different financial accounts, amounts, etc. in order to check that
they add up to the same total or to explain any differences between them
They've got all the paperwork and they're now trying to reconcile the various
figures.
Maintain
to continue to have; to keep in existence, or not allow to become less
The army has been brought in to maintain order in the region.
Insist
to say firmly or demand forcefully, especially when others disagree with or
oppose what you say
Greg still insists (that) he did nothing wrong.
Warn
to make someone realize a possible danger or problem, especially one in the
future:
We were warned not to eat the fish which might upset our stomachs.
Fall-back
to become lower in value or amount, especially after getting higher
Stocks rallied in the first hour of trading only to fall back sharply by noon.
Raise an issue
to make something seem more important than it should be, or to argue about
it
Of course I'll help you, there's no need to raise an issue of it.
End up
to finally be in a particular place or situation
They're travelling across Europe by train and are planning to end up in Moscow.
Hold off
to not do something immediately
Let's hold off making a decision until next week.
Live up to
to be as good as something
The concert was brilliant - it lived up to all our expectations.
Critical
saying that someone or something is bad or wrong
The report is highly critical of safety standards at the factory.
Anticipate
to imagine or expect that something will happen
It's always best to anticipate problems before they arise.
Convince
to persuade someone or make someone certain
He managed to convince the jury of his innocence.
Unacceptable
too bad to be accepted, approved of, or allowed to continue
The teachers' union has described the latest pay offer as unacceptable.
Attentive
listening or watching carefully
an attentive audience
Tough
strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated
These toys are made from tough plastic.
Predetermined
decided or arranged at an earlier time
When grain prices fall below a predetermined level, the government provides funds.
Behalf
representing
On behalf of the entire company, I would like to thank you for all your work.
Push towards
to try to do or achieve something, or to make someone more likely to do or
achieve something
It is hoped that these measures will push the nation towards recovery.
Delay
to make something happen at a later time than originally planned or expected
My plane was delayed by an hour.
Heavy snow delayed the start of the game.
Assume
to accept that something is true without being sure about it
We are assuming a 6% growth in sales.
Exclusion
to intentionally not include something
The price excludes local taxes.
Defective
a fault that spoils something or causes it not to work correctly
The report cited structural defects as the reason for the demolition of the building.
Sole
not shared with anyone else
She has sole responsibility for the project.
I have sole charge of both children all day.
Misconception
an idea that is wrong because it has been based on a failure to understand a
situation
We hope our work will help to change popular misconceptions about disabled
people.
Confusion
a situation, often with a lot of activity and noise, in which people do not know
what to do
In the confusion after the bomb blast, I lost my bag and wasn't able to stop and
look for it.
Compromise
an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their
demands or change their opinion in order to agree
It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talks.
Inadequate
not good enough or too low in quality
This work is woefully (= extremely) inadequate - you'll have to do it again.
Envisage
to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good
Train fare increases of 15 percent are envisaged for the next year.
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