Qisqa kо`рaytirish fоrmulalari va ularning
umumlashmalari
1.
2
2
2
(
)
2
a
b
a
ab
b
+
=
+
+
. 2.
2
2
2
(
)
2
a b
a
ab b
-
=
-
+
.
3.
2
2
(
)(
)
a
b
a b a b
- = -
+ . 4.
3
3
2
2
3
(
)
3
3
.
a
b
a
a b
ab
b
+
=
+
+
+
5.
3
3
2
2
3
(
)
3
3
.
a b
a
a b
ab
b
-
= -
+
-
6.
3
3
2
2
(
)(
)
a
b
a
b a
ab
b
-
=
-
+
+
.
7.
3
3
2
2
(
)(
)
a
b
a b a
ab b
+ = +
-
+
.
8. Ayrim qisqa kо`рaytirish fоrmulalari:
1)
4
4
2
2
3
2
2
3
(
)(
)(
)
(
)(
)
a
b
a
b a
b a
b
a b a
a b
ab
b
-
=
-
+
+
=
-
+
+
+
;
2)
5
5
4
3
2
2
3
4
(
)(
)
a
b
a
b a
a b
a b
ab
b
-
=
-
+
+
+
+
;
3)
5
5
4
3
2
2
3
4
(
)(
)
a
b
a
b a
a b
a b
ab
b
+
=
+
-
+
-
+
;
4)
(
)(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
) (
)
6
6
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
b
a
b
a
b
a b a
ab b
a b a
ab b
a
b
- =
-
+
= -
+ +
+
- +
=
- ´
(
)(
)
2
2
2
2
a
ab b
a
ab b
´
+
+
-
+
=
(
)
(
)
5
4
3 2
2 3
4
5
a b a
a b a b
a b
ab
a
-
+
+
+
+
+
;
5)
(
)
bc
ac
ab
c
b
a
c
b
a
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
;
6)
(
)
bc
ac
ab
c
b
a
c
b
a
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
+
-
-
+
+
=
-
-
;
7)
(
)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
bc
ad
ac
ab
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
bd
cd
+
;
8)
(
)
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
=
-
-
+
bc
ad
ac
ab
d
c
b
a
d
c
b
a
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
bd
cd
+
;
9)
(
) (
) (
) (
)
(
) (
)
2
2
2
2
2
4
3
3
;
m
n
m
n
m
n
m
m n
n
m
n
m
n
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
a b
b
a
b
a
b
+
×
-
×
-
×
+
+
=
-
×
-
10)
(
)
1
2 2
1
(
1)
!
...
...
2
!(
)!
n
n
n
n
n k k
n
n
n n
n
a b
a
na
b
a
b
a
b
nab
b
k n k
-
-
-
-
-
+
= +
+
+ +
+ +
+
-
;
11)
(
) (
) (
)
(
)(
)(
)
3
3
3
3
a b
b c
c a
a b b c c a
-
+ -
+ -
=
-
-
-
.
Ba’zi yig’indilar
(
)
(
1)
1. 1 2 3 4
; 2. 2 4 6 8
2
1 ;
2
n n
n
n
n n
+
+ + + +×××+ =
+ + + +×××+
=
+
2
3. 1 3 5 7
2
1
;
n
n
+ + + +×××+
- =
2
2
2
(
1)(2
1)
4. 1
2
...
;
2
n n
n
n
+
+
+ + + =
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
5. 1
1
...
1
, (
2)
2
3
2
n
n
n
n
+
æ
ö æ
ö
æ
ö
-
+ -
+ + -
=
³
ç
÷ ç
÷
ç
÷
è
ø è
ø
è
ø
;
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1
1
1
6. 1
...
2
2
4
8
+ + + + =
;
1
1
1
1
7. ...
;
1 2 2 3 3 4
(
1)
1
n
n n
n
+
+
+ +
=
×
×
×
+
+
2
2
3
3
3
3
(
1)
8. 1
2
3
...
4
n n
n
+
+ + + + =
1
1
1
1
9. ...
;
1 3 3 5 5 7
(2
1)(2
1)
2
1
n
n
n
n
+
+
+ +
=
×
×
×
-
+
+
(
)
(
)
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
10. 1
3
5
7
...
2
1
2
1 ;
n
n
n
+
+
+
+ +
-
=
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
(4
1)
11. 1
3
5
7
... (2
1)
3
n
n
n
-
+
+
+
+ +
-
=
;
2
1
12. 1 2 2
... 2
2
1
n
n
-
+ + + +
= -
(
)
(
)
2
13. 1 2 2 5 3 8 ...
3
1
1 ;
n n
n n
× + × + × + +
- =
+
2
2
2
1
2
1
(
1)
14. 1 2
3
4
... ( 1)
( 1)
2
n
n
n n
n
-
-
+
-
+
-
+ + -
= -
;
(
1) (
1)
15. 1 2
2 3 ... (
1)
3
n
n n
n
n
-
+
× + × + +
-
=
.
Murakkab ildiz formulasi
1.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
a
b c
a
a
b c
a
b c
+
-
-
-
+
=
+
.
2.
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
a
b c
a
a
b c
a
b c
+
-
-
-
-
=
-
.
3.
...
n
k
k n
n
k
n
x
y
x
y
x
y
×
=
×
.
4.
1
1
...
k
k
k
k
k
x
x
x
x
x
-
=
. 5.
2
2 1
...
,
1, 2,...
n
n
x x
x
x
n
-
=
=
.
6.
1
4
1
...
,
0
2
m
m
m
m
m
m
± +
+
±
±
±
± =
>
.
7.
1
:
:
:
...
k
k
k
k
k
x
x
x
x
x
+
=
.
Ildizning xossalari
, 2 , ,
,
2
1,
.
n
n
a
n
k
k
N
a
a
n
k
k
N
ì
=
Î
ï
= í
=
+
Î
ïî
1.
2
(
)
a
a
-
=
. 2.
, ,
0.
a
b
a b a b
×
=
×
>
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w
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15
3.
2
, 0.
a b
a b a
=
×
>
4.
2
, 0.
a b
a b
a
= -
×
<
5.
6
6
5
2
5
3
a
b
a
b
×
=
×
. 6.
2
4
4
a
b
a b
×
=
×
.
7.
0
n
a
= , agar
0
a
=
bо`lsa. 8.
1
=
n
a
, agar
1
=
a
bо`lsa.
9. Agar
a
a
da
0
,
0
>
=
a
a
bо`lsa, u hоlda
a
a =0 bо`ladi.
10. Agar
a
a
da
0
,
0
<
=
a
a
bо`lsa, u hоlda
a
a
ratsiоnal
kо`rsatkichli daraja ma`nоga ega emas.
11.
0, 0, 0;
, ,
,
, ,
2
a
b
c
m n p
N
m n p
>
>
>
Î
³
sonlar
uchun:
a)
m
n
m
n
a
a
=
; b)
n
n
n
a b
a
b
× =
×
; v)
n
n
n
a
a
b
b
=
;
g)
n
n
n
a
b
a
b
×
=
× ; d)
n m
n m
a
a
×
=
; e)
( )
m
n
m
n
a
a
=
;
j)
2
2
n
n
a
a
=
; k)
2
1
2
1
n
n
a
a
+
+
- = -
; l)
n m
m
n
a
a
×
=
;
m)
2
a
a
=
; n)
n p
n
m p
m
a
a
×
×
=
; o)
;
n m p
p
n p p
m
n
a b c
a
b c
× ×
×
=
p)
n k
n k
n
k
a
a
a
×
+
×
=
; r)
:
n k
k n
n
k
a
a
a
×
-
=
.
12. Qisqa kо`рaytirish fоrmulalarni ildizli ifоdalarga qо`llanishi:
1)
(
)(
), 0,
0;
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
- =
-
+
³
³
2)
(
)(
), 0,
0;
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
- =
- - -
- + -
£
£
3)
(
)
2
, 0;
a
b
a
b
a
b
- =
-
- ³
4)
(
)
2
, 0;
a
b
a
b
a
b
+
=
+
+ ³
5)
(
)(
)
;
,
,
0
0
2
2
2
2
³
³
+
-
=
-
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
n
n
n
n
n
n
6)
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
(
)(
) ;
a
b
a
b
a
ab
b
- =
-
+
+
7)
(
)
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
(
)
a
b
a
b
a
ab
b
+ =
+
-
+
;
8)
( ) (
)
2
2
2
3 2 2
1
2 2 1
2
1
2
2 1;
-
=
-
× +
=
-
=
-
9)
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
-
+
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
-
+
2
2
3
2
2
5
3
2
2
5
6
2
5
6
2
5
(
) (
)
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
8.
æ
ö
+
-
-
=
ç
÷
è
ø
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