A course of modern english lexicology

Keywords: Decarboxylation; Stearic acid; Biodiesel
Mathematical Modelling of Phenol Photooxidation: Kinetics of the Process Toxicity
Oscar Primo, María J. Rivero, Inmaculada Ortiz and Angel Irabien

Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Inorgánica, E.T.S.I.I. y T., Universidad de Cantabria, Avenida de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain

Abstract
This work reports the kinetic analysis of the photochemical degradation of phenol making use of the evolution of parameters such as the total organic carbon (TOC), toxicity of the treated water (TU), and oxidant concentration H₂O₂. The experimental study was carried out working with an initial concentration of phenol of 1000 mg L⁻¹, with a constant flux of radiation of 8.8 × 10⁻⁵ einstein s⁻¹ and a variable initial concentration of the oxidant in the range between 17 000 mg L⁻¹ and 51 000 mg L⁻¹. The obtained results of TOC fitted to a first order kinetic law whereas zero order kinetics was found to describe H₂O₂ evolution. The decrease of the toxicity followed a constant trend related to TOC, being the ratio TU/TOC dependant on the initial H₂O₂ concentration.


Keywords: UV/H₂O₂; Phenol oxidation; TOC; TU evolution; Kinetic model


The Impact of Regulation on Innovation

LUCY FIRTH

Economics of Infrastructures, Technical University, Delft
DAVID MELLOR
School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia


Abstract
This paper presents two examples that indicate the breadth of the impact of regulation on innovation. That some of the impacts in those examples were not intended by the regulators is taken as evidence that a better understanding of the impact of regulation is needed. The examples can be understood within theoretical frameworks that place innovation at the centre of social and economic activity within an integrated system. It is argued that understanding that system is essential to the better appreciation of the innovation process and relevant policy.