A
a, æ, e, i, o, u, yOld English long vowels
altar, mass, priest, psalm, temple, kitchen, palm, and pelatin
.
According to an examination of the words in an Old English dictionary about how many percent of them are no longer in
use?85 percent
According to their morphological structure OE words fell into 3 main types of word formation........... Simple, derived,
compound
According to linguists, what is main difference between West Germanic and East /North germanic languages?
The West Germanic group is characterized by a number of phonological, morphological and lexical innovations or archaisms
not found in North and East Germanic.
According to the map the most powerful east germanic one is.... ..............Goths
All Scandinavian languages untill medieval times called as single language. What was it?Danish
All the early PG voiceless fricatives [f, θ, Χ], which appeared under Grimm’s Law, also [s] inherited from PIE, became voiced
betwVerner's law
All Germanic languages are derived from .................Proto-Germanic, spoken in Iron Age Scandinavia
C
Choose the dialects that used during the Middle English period?East Midlands, West Midlands, Northern, Southern, Kentish
Choose the basic changes that occured in Middle English periodAs early as 1200 the three or four grammatical case forms of
nouns in the singular had been reduced to two
Choose the historical place of Scandinavia where old Norse runic inscriptions found?Dalecarlian
Choose the origin of East Germanic languagesBased on accounts by Jordanes, Procopius, Paul the Deacon and others, as well
as linguistic, toponymic, and archaeological evidence, it was formerly believed that the East Germanic tribes, the speakers of
the East Germanic languages related to the North Germanic tribes, had migrated from Scandinavia into the area lying east of
the Elbe
Choose the correct definition to the Palatalization?diphthongization after palatal consonants [j,k] and the cluster [sk]
Choose the Words of Celtic originCart, Down, Clock
Choose the best definition to Grimm's law.The type of articulation changes while the place of articulation is unchanged
Choose the words of Ancient Latin originWine, Cheese, Street, Temple, Altar
Choose the Old English Nasal, labial , alveolar, consonants.m, n,
Choose the old english [ʃ] and [ʤ] and [tʃ]sc and cg and c
Choose the Old English stop consonants.p, b, t, d, k,
Choose the words of Old Norse originLaw, Take, Cut, Both, Ill, Ugly, Rugby
Choose the Norman scribes that introduced in Middle English alphabet. uu - double u, th, joined up
E
egg, sky, sister, window, and get, came into the language from .......Old Norse
English with its marked diphthongization of vowels, also makes use of special words, retained from English regional dialect
usages, or taken over from indigenous terms: "water" (wa:der)Australian English
English is classified as an Indo-European language. It is part of the Germanic subfamily and is grouped with its most closely
Frisian
G
government, the church, the army, arts, scholarship, and medicineThese words introduced by .............. .Normans
Germanic tribes formed in Britain seven kingdoms: Kent, the – Essex, Wessex and Sussex, and – East Anglia,
Northumbria and MerciaKent
Germanic languages possess a number of defining features compared with other Indo-European languages.
The sound changes known as Grimm's Law and Verner's Law, which shifted the values of all the Indo-European stop
consonants
Gender loss began in the north of England but some parts of the country were the most linguistically conservative regions
untill 1340s.Kent
H
How many languages are known as source languages from what modern english borrowed?50
How many cases were there during Old English?4 cases, Nominative, Dative, Akkuzative, Genetive
How the conjugation of verbs was simplified during middle english?by the omission of endings and by the use of a common
form for the and plural of the past tense of strong verbs
I
It may be due to a palatal quality of the h or due to an i which was probably a case ending in the original type of declension
MUTATION BEFORE H
It was characterized by :-strong and weak verbs; -a dual number for pronouns Old English
In 1066, William II, the 6th duke of Normandy, led the Norman Conquest of England.Anglo-Norman culture soon dominated
the Middle English
In medieval times, speakers of all the Scandinavian languages could understand one another to a significant degree, and it was
often referred to as a single language, called the ........................ until the 13th century by some in Sweden and Iceland. Danish
tongue
L
Lowland Scottish dialect, sometimes called ........................, first made known throughout the by the songs of the 18th-century
Scottish poet ..Lallans / Robert Burns
language contains differences in pronunciation also, such as neebour (“neighbour”) and guid (“good”).Scottish English
Longer runic inscriptions of North germanic languages survive from the 8th and 9th centuries.Eggjum stone, Rök stone
Latin words entered the English Language at different stages of OE history; chronologically they are divided into several
layers: ...........Continental borrowings, Latin through Celtic transmission, Christianizing of Britain.
M
Metathesis is a phonetic change which ........consists in two sounds exchanging their places. It mainly affected the consonant
r and the succeeding vowel
Match the old English soundslabial sounds p, b, m, w, f, v; velar and palatal k, h, g, ɣ, jdental t, d, r, l, n, s, z, θ,ð
Match the old english words with the modern english ones stānhas stone .cūhas cow .hālig holy. bān bone
Match the followings
PALATALIZATION ʒæf>ʒeaf ‘gave’, cæster>ceaster ‘camp’, scæl>sceal ‘shall
FRACTURE herte>heorte ‘heart’, melcan>meocan ‘milk’(v), selh>seolh ‘seal’, feh>feoh ‘cattle’, ‘property’
MUTATION fullian>fyllan ‘fill
mutation before h naht>neaht, nieht, niht, nyht ‘night’
back mutation i>io
hira>hiora (heora)‘their’, sifon>siofon ‘seven’ e>eo herot>heorot ‘heart’a>easaru>searu ‘armour
i mutation fullian>fyllan ‘fill
lengthening cild>cīld ‘child’bindan>bīndan ‘bind’climban>clīmban ‘climb
simplification hlaford >loverd ‘lord’hring>ring ‘ring’
syncopation friʒnan>frinan ‘ask’ sehan>seahan>seon ‘see’
assimilation fm>mm
wifman>wimman ‘woman’;fn>mnefn>emn ‘even’
gemination sætjan>settan ‘put, place’
metathesis Þridda> Þirda ‘ rinnan>irnan, iernan
simplification hlaford >loverd ‘lord’hring>ring ‘ring’
North America raccoon and wigwam
Peru llama and quinine
West Indies barbecue and cannibal
Africa chimpanzee and zebra
India bandanna, curry, and punch
N
North Germanic languages are...................... ,....................., which are more conservative languages with no significant
LowFaroese and Icelandic
Native OE words can be subdivided into a number of etymological layers coming from different
historical periods. The three main layers in the native OE words are:Words of CIE, CG origin, loan words
Nowadays the total number of those borrowings in English is estimated at about 900 words, about 700 of them belong to
Standard EnglishScandinavian borrowings
O
OE was a synthetic language so, the synthetic grammatical forms............... (built with the help of suffixes, prefixes, sound
alternation and on the basis of suppletive formations) were less numerous than PIE
Old English borrowed few proper nouns from the language of the conquered Celts that describe geographical features.It was
sparse in vocabulary
On the basis of former stem-building suffixes most scholars distinguish strong and weak declensions of OE nouns.
the strong declension includes nouns with stems (-a, -ō, -i, -u) which are often called ......................;Vocalic
One of OE parts of speech had a 3 numbers. It was .........Pronoun
P
Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, notably has a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the
........................... consonant change
R
Re order the following historical events according to the chronological order.
the settlement in Britain of Jutes, Saxons, and Angles in the 5th and 6th centuries
the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the subsequent conversion of England to Latin Christianity
the Viking invasions of the 9th century; the Norman Conquest of 1066;the Statute of Pleading in 1362 (court proceedings be
conducted in English
the Norman Conquest of 1066
the Statute of Pleading in 1362 (court proceedings be conducted in English
the setting up of Caxton's printing press at Westminster in 1476
the full flowering of the Renaissance in the 16th century
the publishing of the King James Bible in 1611
the completion of Johnson's Dictionary of 1755
the expansion to North America and South Africa in the 17th century and to India, Australia, and New Zealand in the 18th
S
Syncopation is .........shortening of a word through the loss of a sound in the middle of the word
Some of the West Germanic languages also did not survive past the Migration PerioLombardic
Some adjectives had in the comparative and superlative degrees: eald – ieldra- ieldest; heah – hierra – hiehst Changes affected
by i-Umlaut
T
The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain begins449
there are four letters in Old English alphabet which are not present in modern English: they are........wynn (Ƿ), thorn (Þ), eth
(Ð), and ash (Æ)
the Scandinavian they, them were substituted for the original hie, hem of the third person plural.Middle English
--The lowering of Proto-Germanic ē (/ɛː/, also written ǣ) to ā.--The development of umlaut.--The rhotacism of /z/ to /r/.
--The development of the demonstrative pronoun ancestral to English thisLinguistic phenomena
The Goths came from the north around 150AD. They soon divided into two parts:the western Goths or Visigoths and the
eastern Goths of Ostrogoths
The articulation of the back vowel is anticipated in the preceding front vowel, which accordingly develops into a
diphthongBACK-MUTATION
The vowel u is articulated by raising the back of the tongue together with rounding the lips. The sound i requires raising the
front of the tongueI-MUTATION
The qualitative changes arefracture (breaking) palatalization mutation/umlaut
the letter ʒ was pronounced in 3 ways.as the voiced velar plosive variant [g]at the beginning of the word, before back vowels
(a, o, u) and consonants, in the middle of the word after n:
The four major dialects recognized in Old English are ......Kentish, West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian
The oldest Germanic languages all share a number of features, which are assumed to be inherited from Proto-
Germanic.introduced a large number of fricatives
The system of consonants in OE were divided into:labial, dental, velar
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about
.......................... people mainly i……515 million
The most widely spoken Germanic language, ............, is the world's most widely spoken language with an estimated
............................................. .English / 2 billion speakers
The largest North Germanic languages are .............., ..............., ............................, which are in part mutually intelligible and
have a combined total of about 20 million native speakers in the Nordic countries and an additional five million second
language speakersSwedish, Danish and Norwegian
The last to die off was ..................... ......................., spoken until the late 18th century in some isolated areas of ...................
.Crimean Gothic / Crimea
The North Germanic languages, on the other hand, remained unified until well past 1000 AD, and in fact the mainland
Scandinavian
Icelandic, which has maintained the grammar of Old Norse virtually unchanged, while the mainland languages have diverged
greatly
They mainly pertain to diplomatic relations, social life, art and fashions. Moat of them have not been completely assimilated
and have retained a foreign appearance to the present day:
works like 'genre' and 'restaurant' have analyzed vowels and a French spelling;police, fatigue, marine receive the stress on the
last syllable and are pronounced with long [i:]
Choose the correct answerFrench borrowings
This layer includes words which form the oldest part of the OE vocabulary. They go back to the days of the . of Common Indo
European Origin
This layer of native words which do not occur in other Germanic / Non-Germanic languages. These words are few…
Clipian (to call), brid (bird), wimman,hlāford [hlaf + weard (keeper)],Words of Common Germanic Origin. Specifically OE
words
The OE vocabulary, like that of any other language, developed in two ways:by forming new words from elements existing in
the language;by taking over words from other languages.
OE borrowings come from 2 sources: ............ ............Celtic, Latin
There were 5 declinable parts of speech in OE: they are ............ Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Numeral, Participle
The OE noun had grammatical categories of ....................Gender, number, Case
The category of case was represented by four opposite members:N (the Nominative case); G (the Genitive case);D (the Dative
case);
Acc. (the Accusative case).The once existing instrumental case was no longer existing in OE. Its functions were taken by the
...................... Dative case
the weak declension comprises nouns with the stem originally ending in n-stem only. There are some minor declensions (r-
stems, s-stem,nd-........... Consonantal
The OE adjective was a fully declinable part of speech. It had the same categories as nouns (number, gender and case): It had
......................2 numbers, 3 genders, 5 cases
There was a group of adjectives of the degrees of comparison: ʒod – betera – betstSuppletive forms(superlative degree)
The words pork, beef, veal, mutton, and venison all derive from ................. words referring respectively to the edibleFrench,
Old English
The Anglo-Saxon words were used to refer to both the meat and the animals. Interestingly, the words beef and cow are both
descendents of a commo gwhow
The Anglo-Saxons of the eighth and ninth centuries, however, had a very different relationship with the other germaVikings(or
Old Norse?)
H
How many different living Germanic languages are there?48
W
What was main difference between Germanic and Indo European stress?The stress in Germanic languages fell on the first
syllable (except prefixes), while in IE stress was free
What is main difference between strong and weak verbs in Germanic languages?Strong verbs indicate tense by an internal
vowel change (ablaut, gradation) (e.g. swim, swam, swum).
Which dialect became prevalent in prose literature during the old english period?West Saxon
Which dialect was primarily used for the greatest poetry, such as the anonymous 8th-century epic poem Beowulf?Mercian
What is rhotacism?Phonetic phenomena in which consonants close to r spelled as r
What is gemination?is doubling of consonants. This process accompanied i-mutation. It takes place only if the preceding
sound is short (before j, i),
what phonetic phenomena Quantitative changes in OE vowels are represented by ?Lengthening
who proposed the periods of the history of English according to the character of vowels in unstressed positions?The English
scholar Henry Sweet
What are most widely spoken The West Germanic languages?English
What language , once used by approximately 13 million Jews in pre-World War II Europe, now with approximately 1.5 million
native speakers?Yiddish
Which language with roughly 1.3 million speakers along the Dutch–Belgian–German border?Limburgish
Words like hēafod(head), fæger(fair), or sāwol(soul) show forms that have been ................ in later English Contracted
Which languages spoken with over 0.5 million native speakers in the Netherlands and Germany.
Frisian
When London English had almost completed the shift away from grammatical gender, and Modern Engli/// with grammatical
gender?Late 14th (Middle English).
which dialect corresponded to the OE Mercian dialect, divided into West and East as two main areas.The Midland (central)
dialects
Which dialects had developed from OE Northumbrian (including provincial dialects, e.g. Yorkshire and the Lancashire dialects
and known as ScottishThe Nothern dialects
when English had been reestablished as the main language of administration and writing, . London .. as written form of the
language? Invention of printing press by Johannes Gutenberg
Which layer includes words that shared by the most Germanic ….. and every day life: eorþe, scrēap, macian.Words of
Common Germanic Origin
What kind of word order were there during old English period? Direct inverted synthetic
What kind of word order is found in many subordinate and some coordinate…?Synthetic
What kind of syntactic relations existed in OE?Agreement government joining
Which languages are known as a East Germanic languages?Gothic, Burgundian, and Vandalic
Which of the Germanic languages are considered as a dead languages?east germanic languages
What happened when the Germanic tribes moving south from . ….. of today's northern Germany and southern Denmark.Early
varieties of Germanic entered history
What was the results of The linguistic contact of the Viking settlers of the Danelaw with the …. ?that resulted in Middle
English from the 12th century
what is mutation?Mutation is the change of one vowel to another through the influence of a vowel in the succeeding syllable
Which dialect was the most influential during Middle English period?East Midland
When did Old English period beganV-VI-centuries
When the pronoun "its" came into use?During Modern English During Late modern English
What was the people who lived in the territory of Britain before Roman and Anglo-Saxon invasions?Celts
What historical event Britain just linked with Middle English period beginingNorman Conquest
What was invented around middle the 4th century AD by Bishop Wulfila (311-383 AD), the religious leader of the
Visigoths?.Gothic alphabet
Which period mentioned above?Middle English
What historical event described above?The Scandinavian Settlements
Why was OE Gender not a purely grammatical category. It was a lexico-grammatical category,Gender was expressed not so
much by the inflections, but by the forms of agreement of adjectives, numerals and pronouns which modify the noun
Which of the OE vowel declension is the most widely spread and proved to be the most stable in the history?A-stem
declension
What is the origin of Modern English possessive infleсtion -‘s -es ending of the Genitive Case Singular of masculine and
neuter nouns of a-stem declension
What is the origin of the plural -(e)s in the present-day English ?OE nouns plural -as(-es) of masculine and neuter of a-stem
declension
Why is The Middle English period, is called a period of radical changes? Extensive and fundamental changes
When the –e at the end of plural adjectives was lost and adjectives in English became indeclinableMiddle English
Which period in the history of English is known as a "full ending period"? Old English
When English language changed into analytical form? Middle English
What happened with Old English Case during the Middle English period?Reduced common and Genitive
What was the regular suffix of the comparative degree and the superlative degree had mostly suffix ?Comparative -ra,
Superlative -ost
What was the substitution of Modern English "th" in Od English?P and f ? Shunga uxshash belgi
.......................................is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters
æ >ea before ‘r +consonant’, ‘l+consonant’, ‘h+consonant’ and before final h:breaking
............................................... is a process when two adjacent consonants within a word influence each other in such a way that
the articulation of one sound becomes Assimilation
40 Scandinavian (Old Norse) words were introduced into Old English by the Norsemen, or Vikings, who invaded Britain
periodically from the late 8th century sea and battle
..................................... in simple sentences in OE is expressed by the preverbal adverb ne, which precedes the finite
verb.Negation?
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