8127/frame/fm



Download 8,29 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet69/297
Sana27.04.2022
Hajmi8,29 Mb.
#584966
1   ...   65   66   67   68   69   70   71   72   ...   297
Bog'liq
Principles and Practice of CRIMINALISTICS The Profession of Forensic Science (Protocols in Forensic Science) by Keith Inman, Norah Rudin (z-lib.org)

 
Figure 4.5
 
Sweater and fibers.
When an object divides and the resulting fragment
is transferred to another object, analysis of the fragment may not reveal the nature
of the original item. One cannot infer the source sweater (inset) from analysis of
the evidence fibers.
8127/frame/ch04 Page 91 Friday, July 21, 2000 11:48 AM


92
Principles and Practice of Criminalistics
input energy, things spontaneously move from order to randomness. Every
moment that an object exists in the real universe, random forces from either
energy or other matter impinge on it and drive it farther toward disorder.
These random influences result in changes to an object that are neither
predictable nor repeatable. The ever-increasing disorder at both the micro-
and macrolevels results in the generation of random characteristics that will
never be exactly repeated in another similar object.
This is a two-edged forensic sword. On one hand, disorder predicts the
accumulation of random marks on an object (e.g., a shoe or gun barrel),
unique complementary edges from a fracture, or unpredictable fingerprint
ridge patterns arising from basal volar pads. On the other hand, once an item
has fractured into more than one piece, each is also subject to the influences
of this disorder that may result in the destruction of traits that might be
useful in a forensic examination. The analyst benefits from this understand-
ing both in deciding what traits might be useful for individualization and by
considering the possibility of adventitious or ambiguous traits confounding
the possibility of concluding a common source.
 
4.
An Example of Divisibility
The number of “things” that can be evidence is limited to the things that
exist in the physical universe! In other words, any “thing” can be evidence.
To attempt an enumeration of how divisible matter might apply to every
object would be ludicrous, and so we will simply provide an illustrative
example and leave the reader the exercise of considering how this principle
might apply to the infinite variety of matter that may be encountered.
A consideration of fibers affords an opportunity to develop some practical
applications of divisible matter. Consider first a sweater made of dyed cot-
ton. Cotton is a material that is easily fractured, and so little force is required
to separate a fiber fragment from the parent piece. Once fractured, little
opportunity exists to perform a physical match examination. First, finding
the matching fiber on the parent piece would make it a “career case” (not
a case that makes your career, but consumes it!). Second, the nature of
cotton is such that very little input energy is required to change the fractured
(complementary) ends, and soon they would not appear very complemen-
tary. Instead, the analyst would more likely perform some examination of
the physicochemical properties of the item. Cotton is easily discerned by a
polarized light microscopic exam. After that, only the dye components
would be useful for further differentiating it from any other cotton fiber.
The dye itself can be examined from the perspective of divisible matter, for
it once was a liquid in a large vat or lot of dye that was then used to dye
many pieces of cotton. It was divided from the remaining lot when absorbed
onto the fiber. Its characteristics (color, chemical constituents, chemical
properties) can be examined and would be indistinguishable from any other
8127/frame/ch04 Page 92 Friday, July 21, 2000 11:48 AM


The Origin of Evidence — Divisible Matter and Transfer
93
dye made with the same components. If either the sweater or the separated
fiber had been exposed to some deteriorative process, such as bleaching,
weathering, or washing, some chemical traits of the dye, such as its color,
may have changed from the original values.
Divisible matter provides a basis for examining and interpreting similarities
and differences between an evidence item and any putative source.

Download 8,29 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   65   66   67   68   69   70   71   72   ...   297




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish