8127/frame/fm

 
The Evolution of 
 
Forensic Science
 
Contents
A.
The Literary Beginnings ......................................................................... 22
B.
Evolution of the Practice........................................................................ 29
1.
Physical Evidence............................................................................. 29
a.
Biological Evidence — Who? .................................................. 29
b.
Nonbiological Evidence — What, How, Where? ................... 35
i. Documents ...................................................................... 35
ii. Physical Match ................................................................ 35
iii. Trace................................................................................. 35
iv. Firearms ........................................................................... 36
v. Drugs ............................................................................... 38
2.
From Generalist to Specialist (and Back Again) ........................... 40
C.
Evolution of Concept ............................................................................. 43
1.
Transfer ............................................................................................ 43
2.
Individualization ............................................................................. 45
a.
Biological Evidence .................................................................. 45
b.
Nonbiological Evidence ........................................................... 52
c.
Uniqueness vs. Common Source ............................................ 54
3.
Identification.................................................................................... 54
4.
Association ....................................................................................... 56
5.
Reconstruction................................................................................. 57
D.
The State of the Practice ........................................................................ 62
1.
Continuing Themes......................................................................... 62
2