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median voter model predicts that there will be a strong tendency for both candidates to pick a position in the middle of the distribution, and therefore for elections to be close.
Not all politicians will find or even attempt to find the median. They may take different positions because they have arrived at different predictions of voter preferences or merely misread public sentiment, or they may think they have the charisma to change voter preferences.
There are some important differences in the way democracy is ideally supposed to work and how it actually does work.
One of the keys to an efficiently working democracy is a concerned and informed electorate. Although an informed citizenry is desirable from a social point of view, it is not clear that individuals will find it personally desirable to become politically informed.
Obtaining detailed information about issues and candidates is costly. Many issues are very complicated, and a great deal of technical knowledge and information is necessary to make informed judgments, requiring more than listening to campaign slogans. Taking the time and trouble to do these things is the cost that each eligible voter has to pay personally for the benefits of being politically informed.
For many people, the costs of becoming politically informed are high, while the benefits are low. As a result, most people limit their quest for political information. Even though most people in society might be better off if everyone became more informed, it isn’t worth the cost for most individuals to make an effort to become informed themselves. As a result, these individuals exhibit rational ignorance. Rational ignorance means that people will generally make much more informed decisions as buyers than as voters.
The fact that one vote, especially in a state or national election, is highly unlikely to affect the outcome may explain why some citizens choose not to vote. However, we expect more voters when the election is predicted to be close, and individual votes are more significant.
If the cost of being an informed voter is high and the benefits low, why do people vote? People vote for reasons other than to affect the outcome of the election—they may believe in the democratic process or do so for civic pride.
Rational ignorance does not imply that people should not vote; it is merely one explanation for why some people do not vote. The point public choice economists are making is that some people will vote only if they think that their vote will make a difference.

Even though many people may be uninformed about specific issues, others may be motivated to form a