501 Critical Reading Questions


Critical Reading Questions



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501 critical reading questions

Critical Reading Questions
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The American republic began to issue peace medals during the first
Washington administration, continuing a tradition established by the
European  nations.  Lewis  and  Clark  brought  at  least  eighty-nine
medals in five sizes in order to designate five “ranks” of chief. In the
eyes of Americans, Native Americans who accepted such medals were
also  acknowledging  American  sovereignty  as  “children”  of  a  new
“great father.” And in a moment of imperial bravado, Lewis hung a
peace medal around the neck of a Piegan Blackfeet warrior killed by
the expedition in late July 1806. As Lewis later explained, he used a
peace medal as a way to let the Blackfeet know “who we were.”
In tribal society, kinship was like a legal system—people depended
on relatives to protect them from crime, war, and misfortune. People
with no kin were outside of society and its rules. To adopt Lewis and
Clark into tribal society, the Plains Indians used a pipe ceremony. The
ritual of smoking and sharing the pipe was at the heart of much Native
American diplomacy. With the pipe the captains accepted sacred obli-
gations to share wealth, aid in war, and revenge injustice. At the end
of the ceremony, the pipe was presented to them so they would never
forget their obligations.
Gift giving was an essential part of diplomacy. To Native Ameri-
cans, gifts proved the giver’s sincerity and honored the tribe. To Lewis
and Clark, some gifts advertised the technological superiority and oth-
ers encouraged the Native Americans to adopt an agrarian lifestyle.
Like salesmen handing out free samples, Lewis and Clark packed bales
of  manufactured  goods  to  open  diplomatic  relations  with  Native
American  tribes.  Jefferson  advised  Lewis  to  give  out  corn  mills  to
introduce the Native Americans to mechanized agriculture as part of
his plan to “civilize and instruct” them. Clark believed the mills were
“verry  Thankfully  recived,”  but  by  the  next  year  the  Mandan  had
demolished theirs to use the metal for weapons.
92.
The goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition include all of the
following purposes EXCEPT to

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