4-5 June 2013 Proceedings Science Book Publishing House Yelm, wa, usa

GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF THE POLITICAL SPHERE

OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY

G. A. Elnikova

Belgorod University of Cooperation, Economics and Law,

Belgorod, Russia, [e-mail]
With the beginning of the XXI century there arises a new wave of transformation in Russian society which focuses on enhancing the role of state in political and economic fields and on strengthening the presidential power. It aslo initiates the revival of the idea of paternalism.

The changing socio-cultural reality causes alterations in the gender structure¹ of Russian society, especially in its political sphere. The revival of paternalism emphasizes the trend of masculinization of the political power, as the idea of ​​paternalism leads to "the search for the father," i.e. a person who will perform this role. According to the definition of the concept of paternalism, this role is played by the state. But in Russia the state, to be more exact, the power in the state is almost always personified. However, in modern Russia the person, who is identified with the power of the state, is the president. Therefore, it is he who must become the "father" of Russian society. At the same time, the role of the father can be carried out most successfully only by a "real man". And in modern Russia’s gender structure of the political sphere the image of President Vladimir Putin is formed as that of the real man. As some Russian political analysts note, V.V. Putin is trying to convey the following idea to the Russian citizens: he was and he is the most important person in the country. He is the head of the state; he cares for everybody and is responsible for all people [2].

The image of the “father of the nation” and ideas of paternalism supported by the intervention of the state in all spheres of public life bring a considerable change to the gender structure of the Russian society. Most explicitly it influences the decrease of female organizations functionality the majority of which lose their activity and independence. In general, in the social and cultural reality of modern Russia the women's movement and its representatives are not considered as an independent political force.

In the framework of this process, one can see the noticeable ignorance of the problems of gender inequality and gender asymmetry that is confirmed in official decisions. In 2002, the Commission on Women, Family and Demography at the President of the Russian Federation ceased to exist. In 2004 by the presidential decree "On the system and structure of the federal executive bodies" the following organizations stopped their work: the Commission on Women's Affairs at the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation and the Center of Gender Analysis at the Federation Council. The executive secretary of the Commission on Women's Affairs, Family and Youth at the Chairman of the Federation Council lost the official position.

Along with the reorganization of the Ministry of Labour and Social Development in 2004, the Department of Women, Family and Children was disembodied. The Department of Medical and Social Problems of the Family, Mothers and Children established in the newly formed Ministry of Health and Social Development had different responsibilities.

At present moment, there are the following organizations, to some extent dealing with the problems of women in society: the Committee on Family, Women and Children in the State Duma of the Russian Federation and the Interdepartmental Commission on Equality between Men and Women in the Russian Federation formed in 2005. The latter is headed by the Minister of Health and Social Development, and not the vice-premier, as it used to be. The committee obtained an advisory status, and its decisions are treated as recommendations. The decision of the Commission in 2006 approved the "National strategy for equality of men and women in the Russian Federation", but the Russian government did not pass the document officially.

In January 2003, the Committee for Public Associations and Religious Organizations prepared the bill "On state guarantees of equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for men and women in the Russian Federation", introduced to the State Duma by E. Lakhova, a deputy. With the purpose of ensuring the equal rights and opportunities for men and women the bill proposed to include in the state policy the following key issues: formation of the legal framework for ensuring gender equality, legislation development and improvement in this area; gender analysis of laws and regulations proposed by the state institutions; adoption and implementation of special programs aimed at the elimination of discrimination on the grounds of sex; inclusion in national programs aimed at the enforcement of citizens’ constitutional rights and freedoms, as well as in the programs on the development of social measures to ensure gender equality; education and promotion of equality between men and women; protection of the society from the information discriminating the citizens on the basis of sex, as well as propaganda of violence, cruelty, pornography, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.; implementation of generally recognized principles and the norms of international law and the international obligations of the Russian Federation. However, the bill passed only the first reading in the State Duma of the third convocation and was "safely" forgotten by the Dumas of the following convocations.

From the beginning of the XXI century negative changes in gender politics were expressed in periodic reports on the implementation by the Russian Federation of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. In the 1990-2000-ies such reports were submitted on a regular basis every two years. The recent sixth and seventh reports were presented at the same time in 2010 at the 46th session of the United Nations (after the fifth report submitted in 2002). The Concluding Remarks of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women are immensely indicative, and they noted that there had been no radical positive change in the position of Russian women, and at the same time, the state's attention to these issues had considerably weakened. [1]

In modern Russian socio-cultural reality the emphasis has been shifted from the struggle for the establishment of equal rights and equal opportunities for women and men to the support of women as mothers, which, in fact, was characteristic of the post-war period of the Soviet era, when the demographic problem was (like today) extremely important. However, at present moment the gender contract of a woman being an employee and a mother determines that the interests of women in the public sphere should be considered.

The disregard of gender asymmetry problems by the authorities has led to the fact that Russia takes "stable" 43-45 places on the global index of gender inequality, which has been worked out by the World Economic Forum in Davos (WEF) since 2005.

One of the most obvious manifestations of the gender asymmetry is the degree of representation (non-representation) of women at the highest level of political power. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union by 31 December, 2010 based on the women's representation in national parliaments Russia occupies 82nd place among 188 world’s countries that possess legislative power bodies, ranging between Guinea-Bissau and Cameroon. It is unlikely that this figure will change after the elections to the State Duma of the sixth convocation, held December 4, 2011. The analysis of the results of the elections provides the following data. The structure of the State Duma amounted to 447 deputies, 58 of them were women, accounting for 13% (compared to the State Duma of the fifth convocation which accounted for 14% of women; international documents recommend it to be 30-40%). The administration of the State Duma included 9 persons - the President, two First Deputy Chairmen and 6 Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma President, out of which there was only one woman, who became the Deputy Chairman of the State Duma. Women headed 3 out of 29 State Duma committees: Committees on Family, Women and Children, on the Financial Market and on the Housing Policy and Housing and Communal Services. There is an indicative fact that the Committee on Family, Women and Children included 13 deputies, of which there was only one man, while at the same time, women were not represented in 7 out of 29 Duma committees: on Property; on Civil, Criminal, Arbitration and Procedural Legislation, on Land Relations and Construction; on Constitutional Legislation and State-building, on Science and High Technology, on Transportation, on Power Industry.

It is clear that even today the politics continues to be perceived as the most important and complex area of human activity, which should be performed only by professionally and intellectually prepared people, and in the public consciousness the right type of a person is a man in the first place. Understanding that politics is not only the sphere of domination of one group over another, but the area of interests expression and protection, has not yet come.

Thus, the analysis of the gender structure of Russian society shows that in recent years the gender asymmetry in the political sphere has increased considerably, and the issue of gender equality in the administration of the state is positioned as irrelevant.
References

1. 
   Concluding remarks of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women http://gender.ru/pages/resources/publications/common/2010/101112
   
2. 
   Izvestiya, 6 February, 2012 .
   

CONTENT

section 1. Information Technology
B. N. Tkachev, V. V. Zaharenko, K. Y. Мilostnaya

The specialized web-catalog of observations

of thunderstorm activity on planets

of the solar system………………………………………….…..3

section 2. Biological sciences
E. A. Eremeev

NECROBIONT COLEOPTERA (FAMILY SILPHIDAE)

OF BIYSK CITY SURROUNDINGS.........................................................8
S. S. og’li Erkinov, S. S. Shukurova, B. N. Babajanova

INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON THE CONTENT

OF BLOOD UREA FOOTBALLERS………………………………...…10

SECTION 3. Engineering
E. B. Isgenderov

TILLAGE MACHINES WITH ACTIVE WORKING BODY…….….…...16

SECTION 4. Historical Sciences
L. G. Tupchiienko-Kadyrova

SYSTEM-SUBJECT APPROACH TO ARCHIVAL

HERITAGE REPRESENTATION……………………………….….….19

Section 5. Economics
Y. N. Egorov

Interaction of logistics and marketing

in the concept of «Requirements/resource Planning»………………………………………………….….……24
I. A. Holodilin

FORMATION OF MANAGEMENT IN A COMPETITIVE

MARKET FOR SMALL BUSINESS………………………….…..…….32
E. N. Lavrenchuk

The Questions of Taxes………………………………………….37
A. A. Shulimova

COMMUNAL GROUNDS OF THE RUSSIAN INSTITUTIONAL

MODEL OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY………………..50

Section 6. Philology
D. Bakhriddinova

FLASH OF THINKING………………………………………….…….55

R. S. Habokhunova

SOME CONSIDIRATIONS ON STUDYINGSOURCES

OF KOKAND LITERARY ATMOSPHERE………………………….....60
A. G. Nurullina

THE LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL

UNITS WITH THE “DEVIL” COMPONENT……………………….…..64
T. M. Sharova

KOST GORDIENKO: VARIETY OF THE CONFLICTS

IN THE WORKS OF THE MASTER……………………………….…..67


O. T. Tojiboyeva

THE NATURE OF GENRE AND TOPIC SCALE

OF THE PROSE AGE…………………………………………………73
E. A. Zhindeeva, E. S. Isayeva, E. A. Martynova

ANNA AND KONSTANTIN SMORODINOV’S PROSE CYCLIZATION AS REFLECTION OF THE AUTHORS’ PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS…………………………………………………………..76

SECTION 7. Jurisprudence
A. A. Ashin, A. A. Ovsyanikova

SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AS A FORM OF VIOLENCE:

THE CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS……………………….…81
E. A. Lioukina

THE PROTECTION OF THE TRADE SECRETS

(KNOW - HOW) AT THE ENTERPRISES OF BELARUS: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS………………………….…….86

SECTION 8. Educational Sciences
S. V. Hristova

GAMES AND GAME LIKE ACTIVITIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING TO PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

AGED 5 TO 7………………………………………….…………….90
N. N. Litvinova, E. A. Krasikova, N. V. Cherepanova

INFLUENCE OF THE FAMILY VIOLENCE

ON THE VICTIMIZATION PERSONALITY PROCESS…………........98
S. O. Manuylova

THE USE OF RATING SYSTEM

IN SELF-STUDY STUDENTS’ WORK……………………………..103

O. V. Nefyodov

Basic principles of the rational approach

to teaching foreign languages in non-linguistic

higher education institutions………………......................111
S. N. Nurkasymova, A. B. Zhanysova

TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF A TEACHER…………………..117

M. E. Vilchinskaya-Butenko

CORPORATE LEISURE IN THE CONDITIONS OF TRANSITION

TO THE CREATIVE-INFORMATION SOCIETY………………..........122
А. M. Zhirkova

ESSENCE OF MORAL EDUCATION………………………………...127

SECTION 9. Art Criticism
S. M. Krykbaeva

ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’

TASTE BASED ON TRADITIONAL FOLK ART……………………..129
SECTION 10. Psychological science
A. A. Nasirpur

THE CAUSES OF PRESCHOOLERS MENTAL STRESS…………..….133

M. S. Sevostyanova

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE

WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE: TO THE QUESTION

OF THE MAIN VECTORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL

INTERVENTION IN THE HOSPITAL CONDITIONS………………....136
SECTION 11. Social sciences
G. A. Elnikova

GENDER CONSTRUCTION OF THE POLITICAL SPHERE

OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY…………………………………………..…147

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Scientific publication

THE STRATEGIES OF MODERN SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT

Proceedings of the II International Scientific–Practical Conference

4-5 June 2013

Prepared for publication of Scientific Publishing Center "Discovery"

Issue is published in author’s edition

Cover designed by Sofia A. Kravets

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Assigned to print .06.2013. Format 60x84 1/16.

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1^ The translation is done by A. E. Samko

1^ The translation is done by A. E. Samko

2^ The translation is done by A. E. Samko

1^ The work was performed as part of the project 2.1.1.7 «Creating Social and Humanities Institute" in the framework of the strategic development FGBOU VPO "Mordovia State Pedagogical Institute. M. E. Evseveva " in 2012 - 2016 GG "Teachers for innovative Russia"

1^ We understand the gender structure as a certain relative position of the elements of the gender system.