3 Part One. The Predicate

Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field of Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is probably the oldest field in the broad spectrum of the science of chemistry. Many years were required to dispel the lure of alchemy; more were needed to demonstrate the fallacy o f the phlogiston theory. However, it was not until the brilliant Frcnch chemist Lavoisier (1743-1794) demonstrated, about 1785, by actual experimental methods that combustion was a combination of a substance with oxygen, that he laid the basic groundwork of modem chemistry, and, in a very particular sense, analytical chemistry. Indeed, he can with considerable justification be called the “father” of analytical chemistry because of the great emphasis he placed in all experimental work on quantitative measurement. It is in this very necessary characteristic of the true analytical chemist that he differed from Priestley (1733-1804), a discoverer of oxygen. Priestley, a clergyman forced to flee from Birmingham, England, to America because of his unorthodox political and religious views, was more of a philosopher than a scientist.

The first problem to engage the interest of most chemists was to determine as cxactly as possible the composition of the earth. Greater emphasis was perhaps placed on chemistry than physics at this stage in the evolution of the natural sciences — yet, the contributions o f such scientists as Avogadro, Boyle, and Charles all had a dircct bearing and, therefore, great usefulness in analysis. Avogadro’s law, for example, is extremely important in the chemistry of gases, because it does serve as a basis for relating weight to volume. Indeed, it is not an overstatement to say that during the 18th and most o f the 19th century the chemistry that did exist was largely analytical chemistry. The pinnacle of ambition of most chemists at that time was to be a highly successful analyst. Any study o f chemical literature of this period shows a preponderance of titles related to analytical chemistry.

It was in the latter half of the 19th century that the so-called “industrial revolution’’ took place. Many beginnings (modest at first) were made in the industrial manufacture of numerous items consumed in the household which were traditionally produced in the home or not at all. The raw materials in such manufacturing operations consisted chiefly of chemicals.

The pressing and dyeing of textiles, the production of glass, leather, soap — these are merely four examples (many others could be quoted) of operations that moved slowly out of the home and into the factory. Slowly, but surely, this trend built up a demand for modest changcs for a limited number of chemicals. Except for the natural dyes and tanning extracts, most of the industrial chemicals produced in this area were inorganic in nature, principally alkalies, mineral acids, etc.

Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized

area, analytical, as... as (possible), broad, chief, chiefly, consume, demand, etc., exactly, be forced, former, highly, house, indeed, justification, laner, the former... the latter, literature, by/in nature, not at all, operation, perhaps, press, quote, raw, in a sense, in the sense of, stage, succcssful, successfully, title, traditional, traditionally, usefulness, view, yet

Ex. 5. Give the Uzbek equivalents for the following:

the phlogiston theory, demonstrate the fallacy o f a theory, in a very particular sense, indeed, with justification, place emphasis on, because of one's views, be more of a scientist than, in the evolution o f the natural sciences, the so-called “industrial revolution", raw materials, the production of glass, quote an example, slowly but surely, modest changes, be inorganic in nature

Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:

analitik kimyo, talabchan, zo'r kimyogar, zamonaviy kimyo, kimyo otasi, eksperimental ish, haqiqiy kimyogar, farqlanadi, majburan, imkon qadar aniq, moddaning tarkibi, ushbu bosqichda olimlarning hissasi juda muhim, asos bo'lib xizmat qilmaydi. bu davrda, 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida kamtarona, sanoat ishlab chiqarish, tabiiy bo'yoqlar bundan mustasno, deyish mubolag'a.

Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.

1. Analytical chemistry is regarded as ... oldest field o f ... chemistiy.

2. Many years were needed to demonstrate... fallacy o f ... phlogiston theoiy.

3. Avogadro’s law is extremely important in ... chemistry o f ... gases. 4__pressing and dyeing of textiles are ... examples of operations that moved into... factory. 5. Most o f ... natural dyes were inorganic in ... nature.

Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:

branch, wide, require, show, remarkable, accurately, step, however, highly, mainly, occur, production

Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:

young, necessary, from, more, impossible, usefulness, slowly, succcssful a considerable number

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Uzbek.

1. It is the analytical chemistiy that is regarded as the oldest field of chemistry. 2. It is М. V. Lomonosov who is the founder of Russian physics and chemistry. 3. It was my supervisor who advised me to use this apparatus.4. It was Mendeleyev’s periodic law which served as a key to discovering new elements. 5. It was not my teacher whom I addressed my question to.6. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev’s periodic system was published. 7. It is horizontal rows of the periodic tabic which are called periods. 8. Ozone does remove harmful ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. 9. It is not this examination that is the most difficult this term. 10. It was not till late in the 19th century that numerous household items began to be produced at factories.11. These results do support the kinetic treatment of the behaviour of particlcs in colloidal solutions. 12. It is only at ordinary temperature that the agreement between the two methods is satisfactory. 13. It was not until the results concerning solid solutions had been obtained that a general conclusion was reached. 14. The reaction does procccd slowly in most eases. 15. It was evident that the resulting mixture did obey the mixture law. 16. The use of deductivc methods shows that all these cases come from one and the same root. 17. It is not until a substance undergoes distribution that it has the same molecular weight in the two phases. 18. It is not until two picccs of zinc and copper are brought into contact that they become electrificd. 19. In the actual case the density of the vapour does alter with the height. 20. It was not until oxygen was discovered that many processes could be understood.

Ex. 11.Translate the sentences into English without using a dictionary.

1. Analitik kimyo kimyoning eng qadimgi sohalaridan biri. 2. Flogiston nazariyasi noto'g'ri ekanligini ko'rsatish uchun ko'p yillar kerak bo'ldi. 3. Tajriba usullarining rivojlanishi moddalar tarkibini o'rganishga katta hissa qo'shdi. 4. Sanoat rivojlanishi analitik kimyoning yangi usullarini ishlab chiqishda katta rol o'ynadi. 5. Uyda ilgari bajarilgan ko'plab tajribalar sanoat miqyosida amalga oshirila boshlandi.

Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:

1 . Whose investigations helped to prove the fallacy of the phlogiston theory? 2. Why is Lavoisier called the “father” o f analytical chemistry?3. Why is analytical chemistry regarded as the oldest branch of chemistry?4. What problems engaged the interest o f most chemists at that time?5. Why did the development of industry stimulate the development of analytical chemistry?