Xulq-atvorning psixofiziologik asosi
Sizni siz qiladigan narsa nima? Eng muhimi, bizning har bir inson betakror. Har bir
insonning ko’rinishi turlicha: uning ovozi, tili turlicha, insonlarni bir-biridan farq qiladigan
shaxsiy xususiyatlari, qiziqishlari, madaniy va oilaviy sharoitlari mavjud.
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Psychology David G. Myers Hope College Holland, Michigan
81p
Shuningdek, biz bir daraxtning barglarimiz. Bizning insoniy oilamiz nafaqat bizni
ajratgan va qonga singib ketgan umumiy biologik meros, bundan tashqari umumiy xulq-
atvorlari hamdir. Bizning miyamizni arxitekturasi dunyoni his qilishga, tilni
rivojlantirishimizga va bir xil mexanizmlar orqali ochlikni his qilishga yordam beradi. Biz
Arktikadami yoki tropik iqlimda yashashimizdan qat'i nazar, biz nordondan shirin mazani afzal
ko’ramiz. Biz ranglar spektrini o’xshash ranglarga ajratamiz. Va biz zurriyotlarini yaratish va
himoya qilish kerakligini his qilamiz.
Bizning qarindoshligimiz bizning ijtimoiy xulq-atvorimizda paydo bo'ladi. Vongmi,
Nikomomi, Smitmi, yoki Gonzalesmi, biz tahminan sakkiz oylik bo’lganimizdan so’ng
notanishlardan qo'rqishni boshladik va kattalar kabi, biz munosabat va o’xshashligiga ko’ra
kishilarni afzal ko’ramiz. Sayyoramizning turli burchaklaridan bo’lishimizdan qat’iy nazar, biz
boshqalarni kulganini va xo'mrayishini qanday o'qishni bilamiz. Bir jamoaning a'zolari sifatida,
biz , ahloq qoidalariga amal qilamiz, qo’lab- quvvatlaymiz, jinoyatlarni jazolash maqomining
ierarxiyasini tashkillashtirdik va bolaning o'limidan xafa bo’lishda bir xilmiz. Tashqi kosmosdan,
bir mehmon joyda tomchi va raqs va xursandchilik, qo'shiq va ibodat, sport va o'yin o'ynab, kulib
va yig'lab, oilalarda yashayotgan va guruhlar tashkil insonlarni topish mumkin. birga qaralganda,
bunday universal xulq bizning inson tabiatini belgilaydi.
5
[3]
What makes you you? In impor¬tant ways, we are each unique. We look different. We
sound dif¬ferent. We have varying person¬alities, interests, and cultural and family
backgrounds.
We are also the leaves of one tree. Our human family shares not only a common
biological heritage—cut us and we bleed— but also common behavioral tendencies. Our shared
brain architecture predisposes us to sense the world, develop language, and feel hunger through
identical mechanisms. Whether we live in the Arctic or the tropics, we prefer sweet tastes to
sour. We divide the color spectrum into similar colors. And we feel drawn to behaviors that
produce and protect offspring.
Our kinship appears in our social behav¬iors as well. Whether named Wong, Nkomo,
Smith, or Gonzales, we start fear¬ing strangers at about eight months, and as adults we prefer the
company of those with attitudes and attributes similar to our own. Coming from different parts of
the globe, we know how to read one another's smiles and frowns. As members of one species, we
affiliate, conform, return favors, punish of¬fenses, organize hierarchies of status, and grieve a
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Psychology David G. Myers Hope College Holland, Michigan
133p
child's death. A visitor from outer space could drop in anywhere and find hu¬mans dancing and
feasting, singing and worshiping, playing sports and games, laughing and crying, living in
families and forming groups. Taken together, such uni¬versal behaviors define our human
nature.
What causes our striking diversity, and also our shared human nature? How much are
human differences shaped by our differing genes? And how much by our environment—by
every external influence, from maternal nu¬trition while in the womb to social support while
nearing the tomb? To what extent are we formed by our upbringing? By our cul¬ture? By our
current circumstances? By peo¬ple's reactions to our genetic dispositions? This chapter begins to
tell the complex story of how our genes (nature) and environments (nurture) define us.
Evolyutsionist-psixologlar Ch.Darvin ta’limoti va xulq-atvor o’rtasidagi aloqadorlikni
tadqiq qilish natijasida shuni aniqlashdiki, bizning universal shaxsiy xususiyatlarimizni bizning
individual farqlarimiz bixevioral genetika (xulq-atvor genetikasi) tadqiqot predmeti ekanini
tushuntirishga harakat qilishdi.
Darvin tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan nazariya jonli tabiatni tushunishga bo’lgan
insoniyatning eng buyuk kashfiyotlaridan biri bo’ldi. Darvin birinchi bo’lib organizmlarning
evolutsion o’zgarishini haqiqat ekanligini isbotlab berdi. Uning nazariyasida atrof-muhit va
organizmlar o’rtasidagi o’zaro munosabat o’z xarakteriga ega. Darvin atrof-muhitning
oo’zgarishi organizmlar o’zgarishiga turtki bo’lishini aytib o’tgan, ammo boshqa tomondan
o’zgarishlar aynan organizmlarda kuzatilgan va organizmlarning divergent evolutsiyasi ularning
yashash muhitini ham o’zgartirgan. Tabiiy saralash va yashash uchun kurashni o’rganish
organizmlarning o’rtasidagi munosabat , atrof-muhit ta’siri va shuningdek organizmlarning
avtonom birlik sifatida qarama qarshi muhitda rivojlanishi o’rganiladi. Zamonaviy evolutsiya
nazariyasi Darvin nazariyasi asosida yaratilgan. Shu bois, Darvin nazariyasi evolutsiya
jarayonidagi organik dunyoning tuzilish borasidagi muhim savollarga mantiqiy va isbotlar bilan
javob bera oladi deb aytishimiz mumkin.
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[3]
Behavior genetics the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental
influences on behavior.
Genetika xulq-atvorini quyidagicha o’rganib chiqishdi:
Egizaklarni tadqiq etish. Egizaklarning bir va har xil otalangan tuxum hujayradan paydo
bo’lganligi bir necha metodlar orqali aniqlanadi. Odatda bir tuxum hujayradan rivojlangan
egizaklar tashqi qiyofasi, salomatligi, xatti-harakati, jinsi bilan o’xshash bo’ladi. Ulardagi
o’xshashlik ularning vujudga keltirishda rol o’ynagan blastomeradagi xromosomalar, genlarning
o’xshashligi bilan izohlanadi.
Ikki xil tuxum hujayradan hosil bo’lgan egizak ona qornida bir vaqt bir xil sharoitda
taraqqiy qilsalar ham, ulardagi xromosomalar genlar tafovut qilganlari sababli ularning tashqi
qiyofalari, belgi xossalari bir-biridan farq qiladi.
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Psychology David G. Myers Hope College Holland, Michigan
135-136p
Asrab olingan bolalarni tadqiq etish.
Tabiiy-ijtimoiy eksperiment o’tkazish jarayonida mehribonlik uyidan asrab olingan
bolaning 2 guruhga oid qarindoshlari o’rganildi. Bulardan biri genetik qarindoshlar (biologik
ota-ona) va ijtimoiy qarindoshlar (bolani asrab olgan ota-ona). Genetiklarni bolani qaysi qaysi
guruhdagi qarindoshlariga ko’proq o’xshashligi qiziqtiradi. Va qay darajada o’xshashliklari
qiziqtiradi.
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[3]
For behavior geneticists, nature's second type of real-life experiment—adoption— creates
two groups: genetic relatives (biological parents and siblings) and environmental relatives
(adoptive parents and siblings). For any given trait, we can therefore ask whether adopted
children are more like their biological parents, who contributed their genes, or their adoptive
parents, who contribute a home environment. While sharing that home environment, do adopted
siblings also come to share traits?
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