3 experimental part

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3 EXPERIMENTAL PART

1. Market research on the soft cheese market

Due to the current economic situation, the Russian cheese market is the most promising. Russia's imposition of retaliatory sanctions on food imports from countries such as the EU, the US, Australia, Norway and Canada, in addition to state support measures, is very favourable for the dairy industry.
Opinion polls by FOM suggest that consumers are now inclined to support Russian producers economically. Some 80% of the population speak positively about maintaining sanctions, noting that it supports the growth of production and consumption of domestic products. According to the study "Analysis of the cheese market in Russia in 2012-2016, forecast for 2017-2021" by BusinesStat, the growth of cheese sales in our country in the year2016 by %3,8 compared to the year20152017.
The FAO Dairy Price Index averaged a point197,4 change in March, up a point6,2 (3.3%) from February and slightly higher than in the same period last year. For March, international prices of butter, whole milk powder and cheese rose, while skimmed milk powder declined, after having risen in the previous two months. Lower-than-expected milk production in New Zealand and continued strong import demand on world markets led to increases in butter, cheese and whole milk powder prices, while skimmed milk powder prices declined on the back of higher world stocks and production [2, 101].
Russian consumers are very careful in their choice of everyday food products, paying attention not only to taste characteristics, but also to the naturalness and healthiness aspects of the products. The consumer is now paying more attention to the composition of the product, where the ingredients
The ingredients must be natural, with no preservatives. But attention should be paid to the fact that in an economically unstable environment, the producer would do well to maintain a balance of taste, price and quality.
Market research by the international agency MINTEL in 2017 shows a continued overall demand for healthy food products. Cheese and cheese products fit perfectly into this system because of their composition, characterised by a high nutrient content.
It is known statistics that in many developed countries the average consumption of cheese per person is 10-15 kg, and in Italy, France and Israel it is about kg20. In our country this value is about kg6 per year, meanwhile the recommended rate of cheese consumption for the human body is about 6.5 kg. The main part of the cheese market is occupied by hard cheeses (about 65%), followed by processed cheeses (about 24%) and only about 11% by soft and sour milk cheeses.
After analysing all the studies, the development of soft cheeses seems to be the most promising, due to their economic and technological production peculiarities. Their advantage, as noted above, is the optimal use of raw materials, the possibility of producing some types of such cheese without ripening or with a short ripening period, as well as high nutritional and biological value of the products. Organization of production of certain types of soft cheeses is possible in existing dairy enterprises, as well as in newly created workshops in agro-industrial complexes [89, 103].
The cheese range in Russia is developing rapidly and presents itself as the most promising and attractive food market in the world [5, 20, 45]. The annual growth rate for this segment is in the order of 10-20%, both in terms of price and quantity. It is worth noting that the consumption level of medium- and high-priced cheeses can be used as an indicator of
changes in the economy, so the more the wealth of Russians increases, the more they tend to classify cheese as a product of everyday demand [57, 102]. Along with the increasing market, the own production of cheese is also growing. Thus, for the year2012 the figure has increased and amounted to about %4,7. However, according to the data for the year2013, this trend has not been maintained

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  The production of this type of product decreased by 3.6 %. At the moment, the domestic cheese market is experiencing a productive stage of development. The production of cheese and cheese products in Russia is increasing by leaps and bounds. According to the data presented by Rosstat, the production volume of cheese and cheese products in Russia in 2014 amounted to more than 494 thousand tonnes - 378 and 116 thousand tonnes respectively. The year-on-year2013 growth rate for the figure presented was about 115.1%. Last year Russian cheese makers produced more of both cheese (plus 10.2% compared to 2013) and cheese products (plus 28.9% compared to 2013) [109].
  

However, despite the increase in cheese production, a small part of the Russian population still reduces their consumption [55, 11356,]. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is considered to be rising consumer prices. According to RBC.research, about 86.7% of people have become less likely to buy cheese due to rising prices.
The situation presented was due, among other things, to the intensive pricing policy of Russian producers, as well as wholesalers and retailers, which, due to the disappearance of competition from foreign suppliers, strongly increased product prices. During the period presented, cheese prices increased to around 423.5 RUB/kg by the beginning of 2015. All this situation allowed for higher profit volumes, but had a negative impact on cheese lovers, who were forced to reduce their consumption of the product. An increase in cheese production in Russia in 2014 was seen in all cheese categories. Thus, the production of hard cheeses increased by 24%, smoked cheeses by %21, and brine cheeses by %6. Production of soft cheeses
The number of cheese products increased by 5 %, processed cheese products by 5 %, cheese products by 33 % and other cheese products by %48.
Currently, about 600 large and medium-sized cheese producers and about 150 cheese factories are producing in Russia, but only ten of the largest producers cover only about %30 of production volume [54]. Of all hard and soft cheese producers, the first positions in the market are occupied by Cheese Starodubsky (Bryansk Region), Mozhgasyr (Udmurtia) and Kalininsky Kombinat (Krasnodar Territory). One of the leading positions in the range of Russian cheeses is traditionally taken by semi-hard cheeses (Russian, Dutch, Poshehonsky, Kostroma) - at least 65%, the share of soft cheeses does not exceed 7%, cheeses such as Swiss - about 1.5%. Active production of Russian cheeses can be explained primarily by their fairly cheap and traditional taste. The Partnership on Trust (TnV) Cheese Starodubsky is one of the largest cheese-making companies 1in Russia in terms of semi-hard cheese production.
Cheese imports decreased significantly, and this is the category in which Russia was most import-dependent. Countries hit by the Russian government's food sanctions accounted for up to %70 of cheese imports. The group of importing countries of these products includes: The Netherlands, Ukraine, Germany, Finland and Lithuania. As a result, imports from the main European cheese and cheese products supplier countries decreased during the year2014. Imports from the Netherlands decreased by 25.8 thousand tonnes (-51% compared to 2013), from Finland by thousand13,8 tonnes (-42%). Imports from Germany decreased considerably (23.3 thousand tonnes, or 63%) [55]. Due to the current situation of decrease in imports from the main countries supplying cheese and cheese products, the volume of imports from Argentina increased (10.1 thousand tonnes, or %149). Consequently, only %30 of the total volume of cheese imported from abroad will currently be imported into Russia, therefore, in order to avoid
The need to replace these products with domestically produced ones arises as a result of this shortage. Another important fact is that the largest supplier of imported cheese to the Russian market is Belarus, with which there is active trade. As a result, the missing portion of cheese imports brought into the country is Belarusian. Most of the volume on the Russian cheese market is domestically produced (as of 2014, its share was %80, while imports accounted for a whopping %20)
Goat's milk cheeses have always belonged to the elite category for a variety of reasons. Firstly, it is a small product group compared to cow's milk cheeses (goat's milk cheeses account for up to 9% of world production according to various sources13). Secondly, the original taste, due to the specific organoleptic characteristics of raw milk, which distinguishes these cheeses from similar products made from cow's milk. Thirdly, the special, significantly different composition of goat's milk determines somewhat different methods of processing it into cheese.
According to the FAO, goats are bred in 170 countries with a total number of about 800 million head, including 150 million dairy goats that produce 12 million tonnes of milk per year. Every year, the number of goats increases by 5 million, mainly on account of dairy and beef goat breeds. Goat milk is used to produce products such as yoghurt, ice cream, cottage cheese, butter and cheeses, usually in the branded category, top-quality cheeses with protected appellations of origin. The most popular are Saint-Maur, Crotten de Chavignol, Chabichoux de Poitou and Valence,
"Rocamadour, etc. Many cheeses are ripened with mould and slime microflora. Until recently, the development of dairy goat farming in our country has not been given the attention it deserves. Since the 1990s, there has been almost no selection work in this field, and the quality of the gene pool has not been maintained. But times have changed. At present, Russia has adopted at state level a 'Programme for the Development of Goat Breeding and
The "Sheep Breeding Programme", which aims to increase the number of dairy goats from 0.9 million to 1.4 million; ˜ goat milk production from 235,000 to 1,000420 tonnes; ˜ goat milk production from 1,000 to 1,000 tonnes; ˜ sheep milk production from 235,000 to 1,000 tonnes'2020.
Thus there is a great variety of goat cheeses in the world, which are deservedly popular and are winners of world international competitions. In our country, interest in our own goat's milk cheeses is growing, especially among small producers. At farmers' fairs, such cheeses are the first to be sold. According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture, about 250 thousand tonnes of goat milk are produced in Russia today. Although goat milk will never replace cows in commercial milk production, it has a high potential to increase the production of elite segment cheese products [78].
Having analysed a lot of statistical and literary data, it can be concluded that the production of cheeses from a mixture of dairy raw materials is an urgent task of the present time.

2.