26 letters but the letters like Y

LESSON 24

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – настоящее совершенное время

А. Form

Утвердительные предложения:

Форма глагола PRESENT PERFECT строиться также как и в PAST SIMPLE. К правильным глаголам добавляем окончание -ed ,а исключения третья форма неправильных глаголов

Simple	Past	Perfect
to slip	Slipped	slipped
to create	Created	created
to establish	Established	established
to fry	Fried	fried

Неправильные глаголы 3 колонка для PRESENT PERFECT:

Simple	Past	Perfect
to abide	abode	abode
to arise	arose	arisen
to awake	awoke/awaked	awoke/awaked
to bear	bore	borne, born
to beat	beat	beaten
to bend	bent	bent
to begin	began	begun
to behold	beheld	beheld
to choose	chose	chosen
to creep	crept	crept
to chide	chid	chidden
to draw	drew	drown
to drive	drove	driven
to fall	fell	fell
to forbid	forbade	forbidden
to lie	lay	lain
to steal	stole	stolen
to weave	wove	woven
to write	wrote	written

S + have / has (not) + V ed  правильные глаг

S + have / has (not) + V (Perfect)  неправильные глаг

have  I / we / you / they

has  he / she / it

I have worked at this factory since 1985. We haven't visited Mexico yet.

She has traveled a lot of countries. They have never played a violin.

Вопросительные предложения:

Для образования вопросительных и отрицательных предложений используется вспомогательный глагол have/has :

а) Общие вопросы:


have / has + Ved  правильные гл

have / has + V (Perfect)  неправильные гл

Have you finished reading that book? Has Tom driven a truck?

Have the pupils used this blackboard? Has Margaret smoked a cigarette?

Have you fallen asleep during class? Have you built a house by yourself?

Форма кратких ответов.

Yes, I have. No, I haven't

Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't

Yes, we/you/they have. No, we/you/they haven't

b) специальные вопросительные предложения:


What/Where/How long/ Why.... have / has + S + V -ed/V (Perfect)


What have you written in your letter? Where have you worked?

What have you done with it? How long have you played golf?

What have you had for dinner? What country has Tom visited?

c) отрицательно-вопросительные предложения:

Why hasn't she (или has she not) gone home yet?

Why haven't you listened t the radio attentively?

Where has she not been invited?

B. USE

Это время является союзом настоящего и прошлого времени, часто используется в речи, письмах, газетах теле и радио-передачах .

1)Недавно закончившееся действие с результатом в настоящем (время действия неважно)

He has cut the grass.

I’ve lost my key.(i don’t have it now)

I have read the instructions but I don't understand them.

Have you had breakfast? - No, I haven't had it yet.

The company has relocated to a new city.

сравните:

I read the instructions last night / ten minutes ago. (время указано)

Did you have breakfast at the hotel? (время указано)

2)NOTE: в некоторых случаях когда не известно время действия можно задавать вопрос в Present perfect а отвечать в Past simple с указанием времени.

Have you seen my stamps?

Yes, I saw them on your desk a minute ago.

Have you had breakfast?

Yes, I have / No I haven't had it yet / Yes, I had it at 7. / I had it with Mary. (время указано)

3)Действия которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются дo сих пор:

Tom has had a bad car crash. (He's probably still in hospital)

The lift has broken down. (We have to use the stairs)

My mother has worked as an interpreter for 10 years.(and still working)

Если же нет связи с настоящим временем то используем Past simple.

Tom had a bad car crash. (but he's out of hospital)

The lift broke down. (it's working again)

My mother worked as an interpreter for 10 years(doesn’t work now)

Похожее

Jill has painted the floor. (She can't walk on it, it is wet.)

Jill painted the floor. (She can walk on it.)

I’ve washed my hair (still wet)

I washed my hair (already dry)

“present perfect + yet” есть результат в наст. времени.

He hasn't come yet. (We are still waiting for him)

I haven't received a letter from him yet. (I look forward to it)

4)Действие которое произошло однажды в прошлом и которое может повториться в настоящем

I have seen wolves in that forest. (It is still possible to see them)

John Smith has written a number of short stories. (He is still alive and can write more)

Но если волки или John Smith умерли то :

I saw wolves in that forest once/several times или I used to see wolves here.

John Smith wrote a number of short stories.

Для недавно законченных действий используем just :

He has just gone out. = He went out a few minutes ago.

We have just arrived.

*just = недавно, только что

Слова –указатели yet, still, already, just, recently, lately, so far, ever, never, how long, since, for,today,

5)Со словами this morning/ afternoon/ evening/ week/ month/ year/ century/ millennium/ decade, all his/her/my life действия которые произошли в определенное время которое еще не закончилось во время разговора :

He has read three novels this week. I haven't seen you for ages. (but I see you now)

This morning(till 1 o’clock+present perfect),(after 1 o’clock+past simple)

This afternoon(till 5 o’clock+pr.perfect)(after 5 o’clock+past simple)

Tom has rung up three times this morning already. (at 11 a.m.)

Tom rang up three times this morning. (after 1 p.m.)

I haven’t seen Tom this afternoon ( at 4 p .m)

I didn’t see Tom this afternoon (at 6 p. m )

Has the postman come this morning? (The postman normally comes between 9 and 10, and it is 9:45)

Did the postman come this morning? (It is 11 o'clock)


Has....





8.0

9.0

10.0

12.0



This morning


lately, recently:

He hasn’t been here lately / recently.

There have been some changes lately / recently.

ever, never, always, occasionally, often, several times, since:

A: Have you ever fallen off a horse?

B: Yes, I have fallen of quite often/occasionally.

Если Том больше не катается на лошади:

A: Did you ever fall off a horse?

B: Yes, I did occasionally/frequently.

6)впечатления, опыт

She has tried windsurfing.

Слова в present perfect: for, since, all day / nigh / week, all my / his... life, all the time, always, lately, never, recently

He has been in the army for 2 years. (He's still in the army)

I have smoked since I left school. (I still smoke)

We have waited all day. (We're still waiting)

Если действие началось в прошлом и кончилось в настоящем:

• 
  ....................TS
  

He was in the army for 2 years. (He is not in the army now.)

He lived here all his life. (Presumably he is now dead.)

Иногда действие заканчивается в момент речи:

• 
  TS
  

Ann (on meeting someone): I haven't seen you for ages. (but I see you now)

This room hasn't been cleaned for months. (but we are cleaning it now)

• 
  FOR and SINCE
  

for + period of time)


for six days, for a long time, for a week/year/150 years....

t t- time

for 10 years….

We (have) lived there for 10 years.

I haven’t played football for more than two months.


since + starting point / time


since 4 o’clock / November / 2000 / the beginning of the lesson…



t

since

She has been here since 6 o’clock.

We’ve been friends since our schooldays.

for ва since с вопросом How long…

How long have the archeologists been unable to date these fossils?

They have been unable to date these fossils since 1970

for 25 years.

H ow long has she been pregnant?

She has been pregnant since May

for 6 months.

How long has she been a vegetarian?

She has been vegetarian for ten years.

since 1994.

How long has the country been cosseted by the government?

The country has been cosseted for very long time.

since 1975.

How long has the nation last out without water?

The nation has lasted out for 6 months.

since the beginning of the year.

How long has the Conservative party been in power?

The party has been in power for 3 years

since the last election.

How long have you known the teacher?

I have known him for a long time.

since I started studying here.

How long has Jane worked as a lab instructor?

She has worked as a lab instructor for 4 years.

since 2000.

NOTE: How long…, for + period для простого прошедшего времени тоже можно.

How long did you study at NEEI?

I studied there for 4 years.

С глаголами be, live, wait можно for опустить .

We have been her an hour/ two days.

The patients have waited for you all night.

• 
  Где есть all с указанием на время for не употребляется .
  

They’ve worked all night.

The light has been off all day.

He has been absent all the term.


This is/It is + the superlative / the only / the first / the second /…+ present perfect:


This is the best wine I have ever drunk.

This is the worst book I’ve ever read.

This is the easiest job I have ever had.

The first/ the second…the only можно не использовать ever :

It/This is the 1^st time I have seen a mounted band.

It is only the second time he has been in a canoe.

This is the only book he has written.

Further examples for Present Perfect and Past Simple,

I think these items have been rung up (=registered) wrongly on the till.

We have exhausted this topic of conversation. (We have nothing new to say).

How long have you been out of job?

How long were you out of job last year?

Problems: 2) yet + to do 5) 188 6) gone to versus been to