21. Improving listening proficiency

Definition of Reading
Many theories abound, but current thinking in the field of reading research proposes this definition of reading as "an interactive process in which the reader's prior knowledge of the world interacts with the message conveyed directly or indirectly by the text" (Smith, 1995, p. 23). Let's "unpack" that definition:
Reading is a process. As such, it has various stages (before-, during-, and after-reading) at which different tasks need to be performed.
Reading is interactive. The mind of the reader interacts, conducts a dialogue, actively engages with the text to decode, assign meaning, and interpret.
The reader applies prior knowledge of the world to this act.
There is a message to be conveyed or constructed.
Skilled readers understand the process and employ different strategies automatically at each stage. Content area teachers can enhance a student's ability to understand the process and employ effective reading skills through classroom activities referred to as "instructional scaffolding" (Vacca & Vacca, 1996).
Instructional Scaffolding
Instructional scaffolding of strategy instruction is a metaphor that refers to the idea of "initial, teacher-directed support, gradually withdrawn as the student gains facility with the skills." For each of the stages in the reading process that follow, the instructional scaffolding methodology can provide guidance to the student who needs support. Hallmarks of the instructional scaffolding methodology include (a) teacher modeling and explanation of the strategy, (b) guided practice, and (c) peer/collaborative learning opportunities.
Teacher modeling and explanation of the strategy involves the following steps:
Explain the strategy and why it is important.
Model (demonstrate) how to do it. The teacher uses a "think aloud" method to illustrate his/her thought process as he/she employs the strategy.
Explain when to use the strategy.
Guided practice involves the following:
Teachers and students practice the skill together, with the instructor providing feedback and correction.