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Tills the rocky land.”
However, the program of Jewish land colonization, for all practical purposes, was a
failure. For many of the settlers there was little motivation to stay. It didn’t help that the
resettlement and the building project had come from on high and the money from western
organizations. A lot of government assistance for Jewish settlers didn’t help. It is little known
that tractors from neighboring collective farms were ordered to till Jewish land. Despite the flow
of 2-3 thousand resettling Jewish families, by the end of five years’ work Jewish settlements in
Crimea listed only around five thousand families instead of the pre-planned 10 to 15 thousand.
The reason was that settlers frequently returned to their place of origin or moved to the cities of
Crimea or other parts of the country. This mass departure of Jews from agriculture in the 1920s
and 30s resembles similar Jewish withdrawal from agricultural colonies in the 19th century,
albeit now there were many new occupations available in industry and in administration, a
prohibited field for Jews in Czarist Russia.
Eventually, collectivization arrived. Suddenly in 1930 Semyon Dimanstein, for many
years the head of the Jewish Section of CK of VKPb, a staunch communist who bravely put up
with all Soviet programs in the Twenties, came out in the press against universal collectivization
in the national regions. He was attempting to protect the Jewish colony from collectivization
which he had been warned about. However, collectivization came, not sparing the fresh shoots of
Jewish land stewardship. At almost the same time, the Jewish and non-Jewish
kolkhozes
[collective farms] were combined under the banner of internationalism and the program of
Jewish settlement in Ukraine and Crimea was finally halted.
The principal Soviet project of Jewish colonization was at Birobidzhan, a territory nearly
the size of Switzerland between the two branches of the Amur river near the Chinese border. It
has been described variously. In 1956 Khrushchev bragged in conversations with Canadian
communists that the soil was rich, the climate was southern, there was much sun and water and
rivers filled with fish and vast forests. The Socialist
Vestnik described it as covered with wild
taiga. Swampland made up a significant portion of the territory. According the
Encyclopedia
Britannica: a plain
with swamps in places, but a fertile land along the Amur.
The project came about in 1927 from the KomZET (a committee of the CIK) and was
intended to turn a significant part of the Jewish population into a settled agricultural people in
one location (Kalinin). Also the Jewish Autonomous Republic was to serve as a counterweight to
Zionism, creating a national homeland with at least half a million population . (One possible
motive behind the plan which cannot be excluded: to wedge a loyal Soviet population into the
hostile Cossack frontier.)
OZET sent a scientific expedition to Birobidzhan in 1927 and, before large settlements of
Jews began arriving, in 1928 started preparations and building for the settlement using laborers
from the local populace and wandering work crews of Chinese and Koreans.
Older residents of the area – Trans-Baikal Cossacks exiled there between the 1860’s and
the 1880’s and already tested by the hardships of the frontier woods – remember being
concerned about the Jewish settlement. The Cossacks needed vast tracts of land for their farming
methods and feared they would be crowded out of lands they used for hunting and hay
harvesting. The KomZET commission report was a preliminary plan for the possible gradual
resettlement of 35,000 families. But reality was different. The CIK of VKPb in 1928 assigned
Birobidzhan for Jewish colonization and preparation of first settler trains began immediately. For
the first time ever, city dwellers (from Ukraine and Byelorussia) without any preparation for
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organizations of Jewish education, Jewish scientific research and activity to improve the
economic status of Soviet Jews. In this the YevSek often held a more radical position than even
the central party bodies.
The anti-Zionist YevSek was made up to a large degree of former Bundists and socialist-
territorialists who were thought of as traitors or neophyte communists in VKPb. The purpose of
the YevSek was to develop communist influence on Russian Jewry and to create a Jewish Soviet
nation isolated from world Jewry. But at the same time its actions paradoxically turned it from a
technical apparatus urging the Jewish population to build socialism into a focal point for Jewish
life in the USSR. A split arose in the YevSek between supporters of forced assimilation and
those who thought its work was a necessary means of preservation of the Jewish people.
The
Book of Russian Jewry observes with sympathy that the activity of the YevSek still
carried a clear and expressly Jewish stamp under the banner of the Proletariat. For instance in
1926 using the slogan “to the countryside!” [meant to rouse interest in working in and
propagandizing rural areas] the YevSek came up with “to the
shtetl!”
This activity resonated widely in Jewish circles in Poland and in the U.S. The author
further calls it a many-faceted Jewish nationalism in communist form. But in 1926 the CP halted
the activity of the YevSek and turned it into the Jewish Bureau. In 1930 the Jewish Bureau was
closed along with all national sections of VKPb. After that the activity of the YevSeks continued
under the banner of communism. Russian Jewry lost all forms of self-expression, including
communistic forms.
The end of the YevSek symbolized the final dissolution of the
Bund movement to allow a
separate nationalist existence, even if it went against strict social-democratic theory. However,
after the YevSek was abolished, many of the former Yevseks and Jewish socialists did not come
to their senses and put the building of socialism higher than the good of their own people or any
other good, staying to serve the party-government apparatus. And that overflowing service was
evident more than anything. Whether statistically or using a wealth of singular examples, it is
obvious that Jews pervaded the Soviet power structure in those years. And all this happened in
the state that persecuted freedom of speech, freedom of commerce and religion, not to mention
its denigration of human worth.
* * *
Bikerman and Pasmanik paint a very gloomy picture of the state of Jewish culture in the
USSR in 1923: “All is torn up and trampled underfoot in the field of Jewish culture”, “All
foundations of a nationalist Jewish culture are shaken and all that is sacred is stomped into the
mud.” S. Dubnov saw something similar in 1922 and wrote about “rueful wreckage and a picture
of ruin and
the progress of dark savages, destroying the last remnants of a bygone culture”.
However, Jewish historiography did not suffer destruction in the first ten years after the
revolution, as is attested to by the range of allowed publications. Government archives, including
those from the department of police, opened after the revolution have given Jewish scholars a
view on Jewish participation in the revolutionary movement, pogroms, and blood libel trials. The
Jewish Historical-Ethnographical Society was founded in 1920 and published the 2-volume
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