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his
Babi Yar, proclaiming himself a Jew in spirit. His poem (and the courage of
Literaturnaya
Gazeta) was a literary trumpet call for all of Soviet and world Jewry. Yevtushenko recited his
poem during a huge number of poetic soirées, always accompanied by a roar of applause. After a
while Shostakovich, who often ventured into Jewish themes, set Yevtushenko’s poem into his
13th Symphony. Yet its public performance was limited by the authorities.
Babi Yar spread
among Soviet and foreign Jewries as a reinvigorating and healing blast of air, a truly
revolutionary act in the development of the social consciousness in the Soviet Union; it became
the most significant event since the dismissal of the Doctors’ Plot. In 1964-65 Jewish themes
returned into popular literature; take, for example,
Summer in Sosnyaki by Anatoliy Rybakov or
the
Diary of Masha Rolnik, written apparently under
heavy influence of Diary of Anne Frank.
After the ousting of Khrushchev from all his posts, the official policy towards Jews was
softened somewhat. The struggle against Judaism abated and nearly all restrictions on baking
matzoh were abolished. Gradually, the campaign against economic crimes faded away too. Yet
the Soviet press unleashed a propaganda campaign against Zionist activities among the Soviet
Jews and their connections to the Israeli Embassy.
All these political fluctuations and changes in the Jewish policies in the Soviet Union did
not
pass unnoticed, but served to awaken the Jews.
In the 1959 Census, only 21 percent of Jews named Yiddish as their first language (in
1926 it was 72 percent.) Even in 1970s they used to say that Russian Jewry, which was in the
past the most Jewish Jewry in the world, became the least Jewish. The current state of Soviet
society is fraught with destruction of Jewish spiritual and intellectual potential. Or as another
author put it: Jews in the Soviet Union were neither allowed to assimilate, nor were they allowed
to be Jews.
Yet Jewish identity was never subdued during the entire Soviet period. In 1966 the
official mouthpiece
Sovetish Heymland claimed that “even assimilated Russian-speaking Jews
still retain their unique character, distinct from that of any other segment of population.” Not to
mention the Jews of Odessa, Kiev, and Kharkov, who sometimes were even snooty about their
Jewishness to the extent that they did not want to befriend a
goy.
Scientist Leo Tumerman (already in Israel in 1977) recalls the early Soviet period, when
he used to reject any nationalism. Yet now, looking back at those years: “I am surprised to notice
what I had overlooked then: despite what appeared to be my full assimilation into the Russian
life, the entire circle of my close and intimate friends at that time was Jewish.” The sincerity of
his statement is certain – the picture is clear. Such things were widespread and I witnessed
similar
situations quite a few times, and Russians people did not mind such behavior at all.
Another Jewish author notes: in the USSR non-religious Jews of all walks of life hand in
hand defended the principle of racial purity. He adds: “Nothing could be more natural.
People for
whom the Jewishness is just an empty word are very rare, especially among the unassimilated
Jews.”
Natan Sharansky’s testimonial, given shortly after his immigration to Israel, is also
typical: “Much of my Jewishness was instilled into me by my family. Although our family was
an assimilated one, it nevertheless was Jewish. My father, an ordinary Soviet journalist, was so
fascinated with the revolutionary ideas of happiness for all and not just for the Jews, that he
became an absolutely loyal Soviet citizen.” Yet in 1967 after the Six-Day War and later in 1968
after Czechoslovakia, “I suddenly realized an obvious difference between myself and non-Jews
around me a kind of a sense of the fundamental difference between
my Jewish consciousness and
the national consciousness of the Russians.”
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And here is another very thoughtful testimonial (1975): “The efforts spent over the last
hundred years by Jewish intellectuals to reincarnate themselves into the Russian national form
were truly titanic. Yet it did not give them balance of mind; on the contrary, it rather made them
feel the bitterness of their bi-national existence more acutely. They have an answer to the tragic
question of Aleksandr Blok: ‘My Russia, my life, are we to drudge through life together?’ To
that question, to which a Russian as a rule gives an unambiguous answer, a member of Russian-
Jewish intelligentsia used to reply (sometimes after self-reflection): No, not together. For the
time being, yes,
side by side, but not together. A duty is no substitute for Motherland.”
And so the Jews felt free from obligations at all sharp turns of Russian history. Fair
enough. One can only hope for all Russian Jews to get such clarity and acknowledge this
dilemma.
Yet usually the problem in its entirety is blamed on anti-Semitism: excluding them from
everything genuinely Russian, our anti-Semitism simultaneously bars them from all things
Jewish. Anti-Semitism is terrible not because of what it
does to the Jews (by imposing
restrictions on them), but because of what it
does with the Jews by turning them into neurotic,
depressed,
stressed, and defective human beings.
Still, those Jews, who had fully woken up to their identity, were very quickly,
completely, and reliably cured from such a morbid condition. Jewish identity in the Soviet Union
grew stronger as they went through the historical ordeals predestined for Jewry by the 20th
Century. First, it was the Jewish Catastrophe during the Second World War, although as a result
of official
Soviet muffling and obscuring, Soviet Jewry only comprehended its full scope later.
Another push was given by the campaign against “cosmopolitans” in 1949-1950. Then
there was a very serious threat of a massacre by Stalin, eliminated by his timely death. And with
Khrushchev’s
thaw and after it, later in the 1960s, Soviet Jewry quickly awoke spiritually,
already sensing its unique identity.
During the second half of the 1950s, the growing sense of bitterness, spread over large
segments of Soviet Jewry, lead to consolidation of the sense of national solidarity. But only in
the late 1960s did a very small but committed group of scientists (Note: they were not
humanitarians; the most colorful figure among them was Alexander Voronel) begin rebuilding of
Jewish national consciousness in Russia. And then against the nascent national consciousness of
Soviet Jews, the Six-Day War suddenly broke out and instantly ended in what might have
seemed a miraculous victory. Israel has ascended in their minds and Soviet Jews awoke to their
spiritual and consanguineous kinship with Israel.
But the Soviet authorities, furious at Nasser’s disgraceful defeat, immediately attacked
Soviet Jews with the thundering campaign against the “Judeo-Zionist-Fascism,” insinuating that
all the Jews were Zionists and claiming that the global conspiracy of Zionism is the expected and
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