2-ma’ruza yer haqida umumiy ma'lumotlar. Erningo‘lchamlarivashakliumumiyma’lumotlar reja

Er qobig`ining issiqlik yo`sini

Issiqlik manbalari:

Ichki manba – yer qarida radioaktiv jismlarning parchalanish energiyalari.
Tashqi manba – quyosh radiatsiyasi.

Er qobig`ining harorat zonalari

1. Haroratning fasliy tebranish zonasi qishki paytda gruntlarning muzlash qatlami – 1A zona shakllanadi. Bu zonaning qalinligi iqlim sharoitiga bog`liq holda 3...5 m ni tashkil etadi.

2. O`zgarmaydigan haroratlar zonasi. Bu zonada harorat yerning (shu maydonning) o`rtacha harorati bilan bir xil bo`ladi.
3. Harorat asta-sekin ko`tariladigan zona.


Geotermik gradiyent va geotermik pog`ona to`g`risida tushuncha

Geotermik gradiyent – bu haroratning xar 100 metrda ortishi.

Geotermik pog`ona – bu haroratning 1<sup>0</sup> C ortishi chuqurligini bildiradi.
Erning turli nuqtalarida geotermik gradiyent va geotermik pog`onalar turli qiymatlarga ega. Ularning o`rtacha qiymati G.g.=3<sup>0</sup> C va G.p.=33 m.
Er qobig`ining harorat rejimi inshootlarni loyihalashda e'tiborga olinadi. Fasliy muzlash chuqurligi poydevorning joylashish chuqurligiga ta'sir qiladi.

Nazorat savollari:
1. Muhandislik geologiyasi fani nimalarni o`rganadi?
2. Erning shakli va o`lchamlari qanday?
3. Erning tashqi va ustki qatlamlari tarkibi nimalardan iborat?
4. Issiqlik manbalari ta'sirida qanday harorat zonalari shakllanadi?
5. Geotermik gradiyent va geotermik pog`ona nimani bildiradi?

1"International Stratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy

2Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam, the Netherlands:Elsevier.1583–4): 141–155pp. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268. 

3"International Stratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy

4Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (5 October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam, the Netherlands:Elsevier.1583–4): 141–155pp. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268. 

5Schopf, J. William (29 June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life".Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. London: Royal Society. 361 (1470): 869–885pp. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1578735 . PMID 16754604. 

6^ Raven & Johnson 2002, p. 68

7^Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".Nature Geoscience. London: Nature Publishing Group. 7 (1): 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0894. 

8^Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press.Retrieved 2015-10-20. 

9^Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 112: 201517557. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 1091-6490.PMC 4664351 .PMID 26483481.Retrieved 2015-10-20.  Early edition, published online before print.

10^Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (31 December 1996). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences. ISBN 978-0-412-63380-5.Retrieved 26 May 2015.

11^Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S. C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000).Watching, from the Edge of Extinction.Yale University Press.p. 1921.ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6.Retrieved 2014-12-27. 

12^Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future".New York Times.Retrieved 2014-12-25. 

13^G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012). Environmental Science - Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital. Cengage Learning. p. 62.ISBN 978-1-133-70787-5.Retrieved 2014-12-27. 

14^Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?".PLOS Biology.9: e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMC 3160336 .PMID 21886479 

15^Staff (2 May 2016)."Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species". National Science Foundation.Retrieved 6 May 2016. 

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