2 Chapter I: Phraseology as a branch of linguistics in literary works

Chapter I: Phraseology as a branch of linguistics in literary works
1.1. Historical development of translation of phraseological units
During our life we meet a lot of things around us. Every time we want to get something new for ourselves. When we want to know anything new first of all we want to know about its history. In the fact we accumulate the socio-historical, intellectual and emotional information of a specific national character. Everybody has his own eyes and by these eyes we can see the colour differently. The human eye can distinguish many times more the colour. Etymologists and linguists come to one conclusion, that it is a system. For example, watch is a system. If we take an equipment of watch it will not work well. The system is also like watch, we cannot change it.
Phraseology is a popular field of diverse philological investigations. Nowadays a number of scholars turn their attention to the science of phraseology. One of the ideas is connected with the understanding of phraseological units as phenomena of culture and therefore the function is investigated in cultural context. Thus phraseology has entered the sphere of sociolinguists. One of the best definitions of phraseological units is as follows: it is a stable, coherent combination of words with partially or fully figurative meaning. [6, 24]
Phraseological units reflect the wealth of a language displaying cultural paradigms of the speakers of a particular language. They reflect cultural archetypes of an ethno- linguistic community and help to make explicit the peculiarities of its world perception. Phraseological units as the particular units of language came into the focus of linguist’s attention in the beginning of the 20th century and this word combination became the object of scientific investigation. For the first time the phraseology as an independent linguistic science in the 20th years of the 20th century was allocated by an outstanding Russian scientist V.V.Vinogradov. He studied the phraseological units in respect of speech activity; he has defined the object, the structure of the science and phraseology volume. V.V.Vinogradov defines phraseological unit as the basic object of phraseology. [10, 5]
The term “phraseology” is now currently used to refer either to the set of phraseological units in a language or to the branch of linguistic studying them. Scholars have provided various definitions of these units and various criteria to classify them. Tracing back the origin of many English idioms and other phraseological units of their etymological source is very important as it helps to understand the meaning of the inner form phraseologism and consequently its actual meaning. The linguists’ opinion concerning the sources and origin of phraseological units vary greatly and that is naturally enough as the phraseology appears to be a very complex linguistic matter. Nevertheless, the important task for all the linguists working in this linguistic field is joining of efforts and the pooling of interests in revealing the etymological source of phraseological unit more profoundly. The works by L.P.Smith, A.V.Kunin, B.A.Larin, L.P.Postushenko and others revealed many interesting facts concerning the sources and origin of phraseological units. Only in the beginning of the 20th century preconditions for phraseology allocation in an independent linguistic discipline have been created. [10, 9]
V.V.Vinogradov said: “It is quite necessary to dwell on the nature of enriching and complicating meanings of the words belonging to the lexicon of language, as the semantic development of the lexicon words is related to enriching standard language phraseology”. Formation and extension of figurative meanings in the words belonging to the lexicon result in creating phraseological units included into the lexicon of language. [9, 18]
It is well known that the existence of all the phraseological units, which is a set of all stable vocabularies and phrases, is available to all languages. The phraseological units differ greatly from their fullness, ease of use, ease of use, compactness and elegance, and other units of the language. They are expressed as a language unit, and make the speech effective and dazzling. Among the scholars of the Uzbek language are Sh.Rahmatullaev, M.Sodiqov, M.Abduraximov, A E.Mamatov, B.Yuldashev, M.H.Halikova, K.D.Tuhtaeva, Sh.Abdullayev and G.Ergasheva also contributed.
Linguist scientists have described their scientific and theoretical concepts about phraseological units. According to A.Mamatov's definition, phraseological units are a stable lexical-semantic unity which, in its structure, is a combination of words or words, which means generalized meaning, lexical elements are partly or completely portable. [11, 267].
Phraseological units’ translation, which is a combination of words and practice in a particular language, is also important. The lexical system of the language cannot always fully cover the names, processes, features, states, situations of different subjects. Indeed, the phraseological content that is based on vital observations, which form the image itself, is widely used in expressing thoughts in the language.
The problems of the translation of the phraseological units have always been in the center of attention of scientists (LS.Barhudarov, Ya.M.Retsker, A.V.Fedorov, V.N.Komissarov, V.Vinogradov, G.Salomov, Q.Musaev, N.Komilov, N. Otajonov, S.Shukrullaeva and others). R. Fayzullaeva says, "The phraseology captures the rich historical experience of the people, their wisdom, it reflects all the ideas of the people related to work, life and culture. Proverbs, sayings, idiomatic expressions in a work of art are the most important means of depicting a national color." [12, 136].
Sh.Rakhmatullaev has been a researcher in the Uzbek language for phraseologisms. The scientist classifies the phraseological units in semantic terms and divided them into three types: the phraseological integrity, the blend, and the introduction. According to Sh.Rakhmatullaev, the meaning of these words depends on the meaning of the phrase, which is based on these concepts, which are called phraseological integrity. For example: to stitch before the wedding; earthly sky. [7, 19]
So, according to Sh.Rakhmatullaev, the meaning of the phrase does not depend on the meaning of the words contained in it, nor does it arise from them. There is no potential connection between the meaning of the word and the meanings contained in it. These terms are called phraseological blacks. For example: in the mouth of his ears he was wearing a reversal, his watery watermelon fell off his cheeks.
In Uzbek language Sh.Rakhmatullayev, in terms of semantic significance of the phraseological units, was another type of phraseological additions. Associations that are based on the portable meaning of one of the components of the component and maintain their own independent meaning centers are called phraseological additions. For example: heavyweight, garden's flower; salt; the salt of the chewing word. [7, 13]
Let's look at the salt of the chewing word. The word "salt" in this phraseological composition does not mean that the word "salt" is derived separately, but saline. For, the meaning of the word "soul" and the word "magic" is not directly related to the salt word alone, but to the words of that association.
The correct and portable meanings of a word are often accompanied by a combination of other words. For example: the door to the house, sour-sour fruits. Portable meaning: happiness, sour-nonsense.
According to U.Yusupov, the phraseological units which have the first and the equivalents will be identified. The well-known scientist has their semantics, metaphorical representation; reconsideration; according to the number of components; according to the arrangement of components; according to syntactic relations; according to the morphological components of the components; word types; according to the subject-matter of the word-components; strenuousness; variability; frequency; according to the synonymic and antonymic relationships of comparable phraseological units with other units. D. Razental divided phraseologism into two groups: [8, 53]
1) Freestyle phraseologisms - each word preserves its meaning and fulfills the syntactic function of a particular piece of speech;
2) Freestanding phraseologisms are syntactical expressions that have the same meaning.
Phraseologisms are highly informative units of a language. They can be considered as the “decoration”. Though there have been a number of researches on phraseology, it is one of language universals, that there is no language without phraseologisms. So, every work on phraseological units is considered to be fresh which appear new and brand features every time. English phraseology is rich and is has deep history. The problem about the phraseology as linguistic discipline was firstly given by famous linguistic scientist. E. D. Polivanov. He said that lexicology. Studies lexical meaning of words, morphology formal meanings of words, syntax the meaning of word combinations". And there is a need for special branch which is connected with syntax and at the same time has not only a common type but also individual meaning of separate word-combinations. I’ll call this branch phraseology (I must say that there is another term is also suggested for it as "idiomatics". E. D. Polivanov considered that phraseology obtains the main and stable positions in linguistic literature. [14,87]
The researches done by V.V. Vinogradov opened the way to the appearance of a number of works on phraseology in different languages. To restore such systematized facts shows the creation of phraseologies as linguistic discipline. This way phraseology stepped to linguistics as a science. In our country there are a lot of works done on the theme of phraseology of different languages. We may give some of our contemporaries as an example: Bushuy A.M. 1987; Abdurahimov M.M., 1982; Hudoyberganova M.K., Ganihodjaeva M. I. 1986; Kadirov V.H., 1978; Kahhorova H., 1985; Garareva G. M., 1994; Altibaev A. A., 1974; Abduarizova D .A., 1997., 1997 and many others. [24, 9]
It has been repeatedly pointed out that word groups viewed as functionally and semantically in separable units are traditionally regarded as the subject matter of phraseology. It should be noted however that no proper scientific investigation of English phraseology has been attempted among English and American linguists until quite recently English and American linguistics as a rule confine themselves to collecting various words, word group and sentence resenting some interest, either from point of view of origin, style, usage or some other particular feature peculiar to them. These units are habitually described as idioms, but no attempt has been made to investigate these idioms as a separate class of linguistic units or specific class of word groups.
By combining the classification offered by A.V.Kunin, we divided and analyzed the phraseological units by sampling.
1. Sustainable word combinations and idioms are not stereotypes that are totally indivisible and are not bound by the meaning of the words they contain. Examples include: