1st english faculty course paper the Peculiarities of the English language in the usa
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Course paper 1
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1. In the first chapter, we examined the history of the formation of the American version of the English language, in particular, two main periods - early and late, gave examples of vocabulary characteristic of a particular period, described two main ways of replenishing the vocabulary of the English language in America 2. Various points of view of famous linguists on this issue were considered.
As you know, in England, the presence of a single dialectal base of the literary language provides a much higher degree of unification of its pronunciation norms. The so-called "South English" or "common pronunciation" (received pronunciation or RP) is very widespread among the educated population throughout the country and, unlike territorial dialects, has no local color. The literary pronunciation of BE is described in detail in the scientific and educational literature. Meanwhile, the question of the standard of American pronunciation is much less studied. The fact that in America there is no single pronunciation standard based, as is the case in England, on any local type of pronunciation, is well known. A significant phonetic difference in the British version of the English language V.V. Oschepkova names many intonation models. So, in the American version, there is practically one flat scale and descending tone. This intonation pattern also determines the entire sound structure of the American version. In contrast, British English has many descending and ascending stepped and sliding scales. The above applies to tones as well. Sometimes the accent is given not by the pronunciation of a sound, but by temporal characteristics, such as lengthening or shortening of the sound, which gives out a foreigner in the speaker. Let's take a look at some of the typical pronunciation differences between American and British English. In American English, the sound [æ] instead of [a:] is pronounced in words such as ask [æsk], dance [dæns], path [pæθ]. The sounds [כ] and [כ:] are pronounced with even less rounded lips and a clear shade of [a:], the words cot and caught sound like [ka: t]. In American English, t is very often pronounced as a weakly articulated sound [d], for example, in the words: later [leidə], writer [raidə]. Thus, the words writer and rider can sound exactly the same. The [] sound in the last unstressed syllable before -ion or ia in American English is often pronounced as [Z]:
[ju] often becomes [u:] in American English: new [nu:], knew [nu:], due [du:], duty ['du: ti], student [stu: dnt], tune [tu: n]. In American English, t and d before [ju] and [ju:] can be pronounced as [t3] and [d3]
The letter s in the same position can be pronounced as [] or [З]: OSU [ouju] Oregon State University What is [i] your name? [http://denistutor.narod.ru/razdel8.htm] An important phonetic difference lies in the pronunciation of the [r] sound even in those words where it is absent [Metcalf, 2000: 8]. For example, Denmark [‘den ma: rk], horse [h כ: rs], harm [ha: rm] [h] is often dropped out when it is in an unstressed syllable, but pronounced in stressed syllables. For instance, an historical novel [ən is’torical nóuvl], I saw him [ai ’s כ: im], but history [’ histri], him [him]. The combination ile for example, fragile - English version: [frædзail], American version: [-dзil] The following words are pronounced in different ways in English and American:
Some words have different stress:
In American English, there is a tendency to clearly pronounce individual words in words such as voluntarily, while British “swallow” the syllables in such words. American intonation dictates the connection of words and pronunciation, at the same time, it shows mood and concisely denotes meaning. American speech is characterized by an even direction of tone movement, a more rhythmic melody, leading to an acceleration of the rate of pronunciation (which in the Russian speech tradition is perceived as negligence on the part of the speaker). There is a clearer emphasis of stressed syllables due to the descending tone. One of the main features of American intonation is its gradation. Americans lengthen vowel sounds and put them in two different grades instead of one. The most noticeable differences between American and British intonation in non-emphatic statements and questions are found not in the final, final contour, which carries the main semantic load, but in the melodic course that precedes it. At the same time, the differences are not semantic, but expressive-stylistic in nature. At the level of the sound system, English in America has significantly more variability in literary norms than English in England. If in England there is a single pronunciation standard (RР), then in America it is opposed not by one, but by several regional standards. The phonological macrosystem of the American version of the literary English language breaks down into microsystems of the East English, East-Central, Southeastern and Midwestern areas. According to Allan Metcalf, there are 270 million dialects in American English. The most common are northern and southern. The Western dialect is less common. Despite the prevailing opinion about the gradual erasure of dialect differences in modern American English, the southern dialects are acquiring more and more striking features that distinguish them from other American dialects and are their kind of calling card. Southern dialects are not only the most famous and most widely discussed varieties of American English, but also have a huge impact on the entire culture of America due to the fact that they are associated with the English characteristic of the African American population of the United States. Moreover, American English originated in the south, in the state of Virginia, where the first colonies of English-speaking settlers settled. Traditionally, it is believed that the speech of southerners sounds softer, more benevolent, but at the same time less cultured and sophisticated. Researchers distinguish the following features of the southern dialect: in the state of California, the ing-endings [iŋ] are replaced with een [i: n]. For example, thinking [θiŋki: n], going [gзui: n], camping [kæmpi: n]. In Philadelphia, locals pronounce very [vзri] instead of vary [veri], and merry [meri] sounds like myrray [m٨rei]. Let's consider other phonological features of the southern dialect of American English. The diphthong [ai] is pronounced like a long [a:]. For example, I’m fine sounds like [a: m fa: n] nice white rice - like [na: s wa: t ra: s], respectively “try, time, tire, hide, size” - [tra :, ta: m, ta: r, ha: d, sa: z] etc. It is interesting to note that the pronunciation of the southern [a:] differs from the American sound in “father”, being the sound from the back row. Many Americans tend to pronounce the long vowel [u:] like [i:]. It happens all over the place, but it is most evident in the south. For example, the vowel in ‘who” sounds the same as in the word “tree.” Consequently, the sounding of “true blue” resembles “tree blee”. American dialect scholar Eric Thomas believes that in a region that includes the states of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia and west Virginia, a similar sound is pronounced at the end as a high-rise vowel (“treey bleey” instead of “Tree blee”). The rest of the country pronounces it as “treew bleew”. At the end of words “y” sounds like a short vowel [i] for southerners and a long vowel [i:] for northerners. For example, in words like carefully, happy, elementary. One of the most striking features of American dialects is the presence or absence of the “r” sound after the vowels. Most of the South, like New England and New Yorkers, do not make this sound, unlike the rest of the US population. For example, “far” is pronounced as [fa:], harm as [ha: m], bird as [bz: d], etc. It also notes the use of the palatalized allophones [k] and [g] in words such as car, garden, and the use of gwine instead of going. The variability of American English is very often compared to the diversity of the continent's climate. So, we find the pronunciation of the New York dialect interesting. Few people know that he does not have a very good reputation. Speak like a New Yorker - means to be an illiterate, uneducated, stupid person. According to a person's conversation, the interlocutor can his social status, for example, it is enough for an actor to say a cup of coffee [ə k٨p כ f k כ: fi], and every American who watches this film will classify him as a low stratum of society. New York is a city of cultural contrasts, from the Spaniards from Manhattan to the Irish settlements in the city center. New York pronunciation was de-labeled in the 20th century. “Brooklynese” [bruklini: z], which is the speech of the poorly educated New Yorkers, in particular the Brooklyn area. It has its own phonetic characteristics. Linguists recognize the pronunciation of every letter in a word as a hallmark of New York pronunciation. The name of the hometown in the mouths of the speakers of this dialect sounds like [nyoo youk]. The consonant [r] is not pronounced here, as in East New England. Residents of New England, a region of the United States, including the states of Massachusetts, Vermont, Roy Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, adopted the loss [r] in the words. Allan Metcalfe, author of How we talk, gives an example with the word card. In New York dialect, it sounds like [ka: hd]. In words ending in “r”, this consonant becomes “uh” and pronounced, respectively, four [fowh]. The exception to the above phonetic rule are words that begin with a vowel sound. In this case, “r” is retained: ear of corn [iər כ f k כ: hn]. In general, the following trend is noted in New York: the more educated and successful a person is, the more he makes an effort to get rid of his native pronunciation. In addition, people try to bring their native language closer to the speech of the rest of the population of the continent, especially to the Californian standard. It is considered the benchmark for American pronunciation on television and radio, in a variety of music programs and entertainment. Let us dwell on the main phonetic feature of the named dialect. So, it is not customary to pronounce "t" in words. For example, the preposition about sounds like [ə'bau] in California. In most states of America, “h” is not stunned when pronouncing human [hju: mən]. In New York and Long Island, this phonetic feature is not observed. Usually the named sound is not pronounced. American English is spoken by about 2 times more people than any kind of English and 4 times more people than British English. This is partly due to the United States' leading position in the world. American pronunciation is becoming more and more popular. The country's economic ties and international contacts contribute to the spread of American English. Studying the pronunciation side of this language will avoid inaccuracies in the process of intercultural communication and will provide a complete understanding of the message.
1. In American English, Past Simple is often used instead of Present Perfect to provide more information or to report on recent events: • I lost my key. Can you help me to look for it? Past Simple is used with just, already, yet: • I’m not hungry. I just had lunch. • Don’t forget to post the letter. • I already posted it. • I didn’t tell them about the accident yet. 1. In American English, the forms (I have / I don’t have / Do you have?) Are more common than I’ve got / I haven’t / have you got? • We have a new house • Do you have a sister? 1. Some verbs in American and British English have different verb forms in Past Simple and Past Perfect: 1. Verbs such as to burn, to learn, to lean tend to be correct in American English: burned, learned and leaned, while in British English they are both correct and irregular. 2. Verbs like to spill, to spell, to smell, to leap, to dream, to spoil are irregular in British, but correct in American. 3. Past participle get is gotten, prove is proven • Your English has gotten much better since I last saw you. • He has proven his innocence. 1. The verb to quit has the same 3 forms, while in British it is correct. 1. Americans often use the infinitive (without to) in insist / suggest constructs. • They insisted that we have diner with them. • Jim suggested that I buy a car. A similar structure is used in British English. 1. Americans also omit to after the verb help. He helped me carry the bag. 6) Americans say the hospital. The injured man taken to the hospital. 7) Americans use on a team. He is the best player on the team. 8) Americans say on the weekend / over the weekend, not at weekend. 9) In American English, different than is also possible, as is different from. Different to is not used. 10) Americans say write someone (without to). Please, write me soon.
Subsequently, the diversity was also introduced by later immigrants from England to the United States, as the language of their home country underwent numerous changes throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. From these diverse varieties of English, American English evolved, which in several respects differs from British. Moreover, the lexical differences of the American version are very extensive due to the numerous borrowings from Spanish and Indian languages, which was not in British English.
There are also discrepancies between American and British phraseological units. phraseological units. But, as a rule, most of the phraseological units common in the United States, in fact, are variants of the British. These units show only partial discrepancies in the lexical composition
Many lexical differences are insignificant - for example, one word in a phrase changes: American version: Keep tabs on; British version: Keep check on - meaning "to keep an eye on someone"
If during the early period the most characteristic feature of the American version was its isolation from the British literary model, then over time the situation has changed markedly. The modern period is characterized by a significant convergence of AE and BE in the field of vocabulary. This was facilitated by the growth of cultural and economic ties between England and the United States, close cooperation between both countries during the First and especially the Second World Wars, as well as the development of modern media. The process of borrowing Britishisms in AE is significantly inferior in scale to the penetration of Americanisms into the British version. Nonetheless, Britishisms do have a definite impact on American vocabulary. So, from BE, the word smog, which is very common in the United States, was borrowed, formed by the combination of smoke and fog. Often, Britishism, having spread in America, begins to compete with its American counterpart. For example, shop - store, luggage - baggage, chest of drawers – bureau.
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