1Comparative Typology as a branch of general linguistics

Aspirates – that are pronounced with aspiration.
Consonants: - voiced (b,d,g); - voiceless (p,t,k)
Sounds ƞ w th h have no counterparts in Rus. that’s the reason of typical mistakes.
Palatalisation in eng is not necessarily.
absence of aspiration. THE MOST COMMON MISTAKES IN the ARTICULATION OF SOUNDS :
Consonant phonemes in English which have no counterparts in Russian are the following:
1. the bilabial sonorant /w/,
2. the dental fricative consonants / , ð /
3. the voiced bicentral affricate /dЗ-jam /,
4. the post- alveolar sonorant /r/,
5. the backlingual, nasal sonorant /  /,
6.the glottal fricative /h/,
Consonant phonemes in Russian which have no counterparts in English are the following:
1. The palatalized consonants / п’, б’, т’, д’,к’,г’, м’, н’, ф’, в’, с’, з’, р’.
2. the voiceless affricate /ц/,
3. the rolled post-alveolar sonorant /р/,
4. the backlingual fricative voiceless /x/,

The most common mistakes that may result from the differences in the articulation bases of the English and Russian languages are the following:

• 
  dorsal articulation of the English forelingual apical / t,d/,
  
• 
  the use of the Russian rolled /р/ instead of the English post-alveolar /r/,
  
• 
  the use of the Russian /x/ instead of the English glottal, fricative /h/,
  
• 
  mispronunciation of the English interdental /  , ð /, the use of / s, f/ for /  /, and /d,z/ for / ð /.
  
• 
  The use of the forelingual /n/ instead of the backlingual velar / η /,
  
• 
  The use of the Russian dark /ш,ж / instead of the soft English /j, з / .
  
• 
  The use of the labio-dental /v,b/ instead of the bilabial /w/.
  
• 
  Absence of aspiration in / p,t,k/ when they occur initially,
  
• 
  Weak pronunciation of voiceless /p,t,k,f,s, t/,
  
• 
  Devoicing of voiced /b,d,g,v,z, ð , /in their terminal position.
  

8. Typological characteristics of vowels in Eng. & Rus. The most common mistakes in articulating.
They are produced when the air passes freely with no friction. They are voiced in both languages. They are classified according to the position of the tongue. We distinguish front vowels, when the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate like fr(ee). We distinguish back vowels when the back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate p(ar)ty. And central vowels, when the middle of the tongue is raised towards the middle part of the palate, like b(ir)d м(ы)ло.
According to the degree of mouth opening the vowels are classified into high (e u,и у) middle(e ea) and low(ae,a) level. If sounds are pronounced with rounded lips they are called rounded – o у. Vowels may be classified into monophthongs, diphthongs and even threephthongs. There is no diphthongs in Russian. There are certain differences in distribution of vowels in two languages. In English at the end of an open syllable with structure consonant-vowel only long vowel may occur and in unstressed position vowel “ae” like potato. Shot vowels “E a “never occur at the end of an open syllable in the structure consonant-vowel. In Russian there are no such restriction, only sound “ы” can’t occur in the initial position.