10-мавзу. Ишлаб чиқариш назарияси

Ишлаб чиқариш омиларини бир-бири билан алмаштириш. Икки омилга боғлиқ ишлаб чиқариш функциясини кўриб чиқамиз. Масалан, ишлаб чиқаришда иккита омилдан - меҳнат ва капиталдан фойдаланилади, дейлик. У ҳолда ишлаб чиқариш функцияси қуйидаги кўринишда бўлади:

бу ерда - маҳсулот ҳажми; - капитал; - меҳнат.
Чекли технологик алмаштириш нормаси. Изоквантанинг маълум нуқтасидаги бурчак коэффициенти бир ишлаб чиқариш омили билан (бу ерда капитал) бошқа бир омилни (меҳнатни) техник алмаштириш қандай бўлаётганлигини кўрсатиб беради. Шунинг учун ҳам ушбу бурчак коэффициентининг абсолют қиймати чекли технологик алмаштириш нормаси деб юритилади ва у кўринишида белгиланади.
ўз моҳиятига кўра истеъмол назариясидаги чекли алмаштириш нормаси га ўхшашдир:

Бу ерда ва лар битта изоквантада бўлгани учун маҳсулот ишлаб чиқариш ҳажми ўзгармайди ( ).

Robert L.Sexton “Exploring Economics”

11.3 Costs in the Short Run

The short-run total costs of a business fall into two distinct categories: fixed costs and variable costs.

Fixed costs are costs that do not vary with the level of output. (Examples include the rent on buildings or equipment that is fixed for some period of time, as well as insurance premiums and property taxes). Fixed costs have to be paid even if no output is produced. In the short run, fixed costs cannot be avoided.

The sum of the firm’s fixed costs is called its total fixed cost (TFC). They do not vary with output.

Variable costs. Variable costs vary with the level of output, increasing as output increases. Examples include expenditures for wages and raw materials)

The sum of the firm’s variable costs is called its total variable cost (TVC)

The sum of the firm’s total fixed costs and total variable costs is called its total cost (TC)

Sometimes we find it convenient to discuss costs on a per-unit-of-output, or average, basis. Average total cost (ATC) equals total cost divided by the level of output produced. Average fixed cost (AFC) equals total fixed cost divided by the level of output produced. Average variable cost (AVC) equals total variable cost divided by the level of output produced.

Use What You’ve Learned: True or False

The most important single cost concept is marginal cost. Marginal cost (MC) shows the change in total costs associated with a change in output by one unit, or the costs of producing one more unit of output. Marginal costs are really just a very useful way to view variable costs--costs that vary as output varies. Marginal costs are the additional, or incremental, costs associated with the "last" unit of output produced.

Use What You’ve Learned: Marginal Cost Versus Average Total Cost


Exhibit 1: A Summary of the Short-Run Cost Concepts


Exhibit 2: Cost Calculations for Pizza Shack Company

The various cost concepts are illustrated graphically. A fixed cost curve is always a horizontal line because, by definition, fixed costs are the same at all output levels. The total cost (TC) curve is the summation of the total variable cost (TVC) and total fixed cost (TFC) curves. Because the total fixed cost curve is horizontal, the total cost curve runs above and parallel to the variable cost curve.


Exhibit 3: Total and Fixed Costs

The average fixed cost (AFC) curve constantly declines, approaching but never reaching zero. The marginal cost (MC) curve crosses the average variable cost (AVC) and average total cost (ATC) curves at those curves’ lowest points. At higher output levels, high marginal costs pull up the average variable cost and average total cost curves, while at low output levels, low marginal costs pull the curves down.

Exhibit 4: Average and Marginal Costs