1. What is headline?

10.What is generalization in translation?
Generalization is using a more general or neutral term. Examples: translating any of the French terms guichet, fenêtre or devanture into English as window; translating the German term bratwurst into English as the more generic term sausage. The opposite technique is particularization.
If the word with the extended meaning passes from the specialized vocabulary into common use, we describe the result of the semantic change as generalization of meaning. For example, the word ready (< OE rēāde (a derivative of the verb rīdan ‘to ride’) meant ‘prepared for a ride’. Here the scope of the new notion is wider than that of the original one. In most cases generalization is combined with a higher order of abstraction than in the notion expressed by the earlier meaning. The transition from a concrete meaning to an abstract one is a most frequent feature in the semantic history of words.


11. What translation is used for newspapers?
•The language of mass media includes a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means serving the purpose of informing, instructing and, in addition, of entertaining people.


The materials of mass media are formed like an inverted (upside down) pyramid, it means that the most important part of the news is given at the beginning.
 


Lexical peculiarities of a newspaper style.
•There are so many homonyms, synonyms, antonyms and polysemantic words used in mass media texts.
•Despite all of these words provide the variety of a mass media language, at the same time; they make the text difficult to understand to people.
One should be very careful to find the equivalent to polysemantic words in mass media, because their meanings and figurative meanings can be very minimal in character.
•For ex: the meaning of the word “emergency” is “eng so’nggi choralar”, but its typical context is “in case of emergency”-“zarurat tug’ilsa”.