1-variant. Task1

3-variant. Task 1
Turn-taking is a type of organization in conversation and discourse where participants speak one at a time in alternating turns.
Turn-taking is a type of organization in conversation and discourse where participants speak one at a time in alternating turns. In practice, it involves processes for constructing contributions, responding to previous comments, and transitioning to a different speaker, using a variety of linguistic and non-linguistic cues.
While the structure is generally universal,[2] that is, overlapping talk is generally avoided and silence between turns is minimized, turn-taking conventions vary by culture and community.[3] Conventions vary in many ways, such as how turns are distributed, how transitions are signaled, or how long the average gap is between turns.

In many contexts, conversation turns are a valuable means to participate in social life and have been subject to competition.[4] It is often thought that turn-taking strategies differ by gender; consequently, turn-taking has been a topic of intense examination in gender studies. While early studies supported gendered stereotypes, such as men interrupting more than women and women talking more than men,[5] recent research has found mixed evidence of gender-specific conversational strategies, and few overarching patterns have emerged.[

It is not a question of telling learners that speakers take turns; they know this naturally from their own language. The problem is to make sure that activities generate the natural sorts of turn-taking that occur in the target discourse type and so not inhibit typical turn-taking patterns. But two other problems might arise in connexion with turn-taking: one is the fact that dominant and garrulous speakers often grab too many turns (gender can be a factor here), and the other is the question of culture-specific conventions.
Task 2
Language is the most important tool of communication invented by human civilization. Language helps us share our thoughts, and understand others. It’s hard to overestimate the importance of language for our lives. Every time we speak, we do it with a particular purpose.
Every our sentence has its particular function. It may express a statement, or a question. It also may be just an exclamation. If we want to know something, we create a sentence in the form of a question. In other case, if we want to share information or emotions, we choose a statement structure.
The Informational Function
This function can be considered the most important among others because it is responsible for describing things and delivering messages that provide readers or listeners with new information.
The Expressive Function
People use this function of language each time when they need to share their feelings. When your goal is to express attitude, it is not necessarily to deliver any specific information but the words that show your emotions. The simplest examples of expressive language are various exclamations, swear words, words of admiration, gratitude, etc. This function can be used separately from the previous one since it doesn't deliver a message; it is aimed to express feelings and impressions
The Directive Function
This function is somewhat similar to the previous one because the general meaning of the phrase is not as important here as affective and situational meanings. People use it to induce specific reactions or actions. It can be a command, a request, for example, "For your own sake, close the door". This function is primarily common for interpersonal interaction. What is interesting about it is that the idea expressed by an addresser doesn't matter pretty much. We can define whether it achieved the target only with a reaction of the addressee to this phrase. Speaking about our example, the phrase "Close the door" makes no sense when the door is still open.
The Aesthetic Function
Leech doesn't distinguish any specific purpose of this function and considers its words and sentences to be linguistic artifacts. They don't convey messages or requests but serve as a tool of poetic art. Just like an expressive function, this one can be used in fiction literature, poetry, music, movies, and other art directions where it is necessary to show beauty. The interesting fact about this function is that its implementation depends on specific cultural norms.
The Phatic Function
The last language function, according to Geoffery Leech, is the phatic one. It has a primary purpose to establish social relationships, to maintain a conversation. A good example from British culture is small talk when people don't aim to discuss a topic in detail, to express their feelings, to command or request something. They use the language to interact with other people. Of course, their words can share some useful information, for example, when discussing the weather, stock market fluctuations, parenting, etc., but it is not necessary.
Other Language Functions That You Should Consider
Obviously, there were many other linguists who were exploring the language and its functions. For example, Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) has developed his own list, providing a couple of other functions, for example:

Referential function — is used to describe the object and its state, specific situations.

Poetic function — exists as is in the poetic genre to distinguish it from others.
Emotive functions — expresses emotions in exclamations and interjections.
Conative function — is focused on the addressee and has an imperative character.
Phatic function — is aimed to "warm-up" the dialogue, to start the conversation, or to continue it.
Metalinguistic function — is used when there is a need to use the language to describe itself.