1. To describe the peculiarities of newspaper and journalistic style

Content

1. To describe the peculiarities of newspaper and journalistic style.

2. To analyze the peculiarities of newspapers and information materials translation.

3. To descry peculiarities of headlines and reductions in English and American newspapers.

4. To translate newspaper articles from English and American newspapers.

5. To analyze the translation.

To communicate with others, to convince and to find information, to listen, to read and speak - those are what the life consist of and the business life especially. We cannot imagine our life without newspaper. News is a kind of “window” to the world. People can find developments, and sport and fashion news from newspaper. text newspaper article translation

In this report I've decided to study the techniques of translation in newspaper materials. I would like to study texts, their types and ways of their translation in newspaper style at deep level. I want to consider different translation peculiarities and also difficulties of newspaper's titles translation.

The object of this report gives the detailed review how different kinds of newspaper can be translated into Russian language and on the contrary. Because there a lot of kinds of newspaper. For example: general news, political news, business news, regional news, entrainment news. And all of them have their own translation peculiarities. It is also helps to understand the principal rules of translation process.

Aim: The aim of this work is to show the translation approach in newspaper articles, to make easy perceiving the purpose, to broaden the view on studies and peculiar features of the newspaper translation.

Objects: In this work I set the following tasks:

1. To review all the sources of newspaper articles

2. To reveal all methods of translation in newspaper articles

3. To investigate grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological difficulties of translation in newspaper articles

Methods of my work are:

1. Analysis

2. Comparison

3. Investigation

The practical value of this work includes the translation represents a field aimed at training interpreters to translate verbal and written materials on different subjects to differentiate the language features of English, Russian and other languages as well as special lexicology, phraseology, syntax and style.

The originality of this work is in the creative approach to the study and methods of translations, besides, it contains a detailed review of ways and methods of translation.

The given Course paper contains introduction, two parts, conclusion and bibliography list.

The first part gives a details review of the studying the translation theory, also reveals the role of different kinds of newspaper articles in everyday life of the humanity. It also discussed the methods of translations in newspaper articles with purpose to make it easier for translator to achieve adequate translation in the target language.

The second part shows the detailed study o grammatical, lexical, stylistic difficulties involved in translation of newspaper articles.

In conclusion we have summed up the results of our laborious investigation translation of political literature.

At the end of the research paper the bibliography list is attached to enable information sources used in this Paper.

The materials of newspapers and information genre are constituted the main content of newspaper texts. Usually interpreter of socio-political literature should to translate articles and informational notes from English and American newspapers, and he must to know stylistic peculiarities of such materials very well.

On this basis the aim of this Project Course Paper is to define translation equivalence in texts of newspapers and information materials.

There are following tasks for the goal achievement:

1. To descry the peculiarities of newspaper and journalistic style.

2. To analyze the peculiarities of newspapers and information materials translation.

3. To descry peculiarities of headlines and reductions in English and American newspapers.

4. To translate newspaper articles from English and American newspapers.

5. To analyze the translation.

In this Course Paper are used the method of contextual analysis. The object of this research are the articles from Financial Times, The Globe and Sunday newspapers.

TECHNIQUES OF TRANSLATION IN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Translation is a process of rendering a text in written or oral form, giving meaning on other languages. The difference of translation from retelling or other kinds of transfer is that translation is a process of creating an original unity in contexts and forms of original. The translation quality is defined by its

completeness and value. “The completeness and value of translation means definite rendering of the contextual sense of the original piece and a high-grade function-stylistic conformity”.

The concept “high-grade functional-stylistic conformity” clearly points on two existing ways of rendering the form in unity with the meaning: the first one is a reproduction of specific features in the original piece and the second one is the translating the specific features of an original literature we should rather consider the style inherent for the given genre but than direct copying the form of an original. While translating, we should also remember that different lexical and grammatical elements of an original might be translated differently if accepted by the norms of conformity to the whole original. The translation adequacy of separate phrases, sentences and paragraphs should not be considered separately but along with achievement of the adequacy and completeness of the translating piece as a whole because the unity of a piece is created through collecting the components.

No matter how a translator (interpreter) is talented he should remember two the most important conditions of the process of translation.

The first is that the aim of translation is to get the reader as closely as possible acquainted with the context of a given text.

The second is to precisely and completely express meanings of one language the things that had been expressed earlier by the meanings of another language.

A translator can be done:

From one language into another.

From literary language into its dialect or visa versa.

From the language of an ancient period into the modern state.

There are a lot of difficulties and problems in newspaper articles translation. For example the most difficult articles for many translators are medicine and political articles. Also the main problem of every translator is “how to translate the headlines correct”.

Difficulties in translation of newspaper articles

Very often we have to translate newspaper or magazine articles in different topics. In course of translation some questions may arise connected to the translation of newspaper headlines.

The peculiarities of development of the press in USA and Great Britain have made a prominent stylistic influence upon the style of newspaper headlines, the translation of which due to their specific character presents certain difficulties.

A headline in English and American newspapers plays a rather important role; its main goal is to attract the reader's attention, to provoke their interest and even amaze them, and only in the second place a headline is given an informative and explanatory function - conveyance to the reader of the summary of the given article.

Due to such purpose in English and Ameren press a special style of newspaper headlines was formed which has a characteristic feature of great expressiveness of lexical and grammar means.

The headlines are usually written in “telegraphic language”, i.e. they are written in brief and laconic phrases where all the semantically inessential components are dropped.

At the same time, for the aim of securing of maximal understandability headlines are constructed on the basis of common lexis and the simplest grammar means.

There are a few peculiarities of headlines and ways of their translation

1. For attraction of readers' attention to the main idea of the message in the headlines the articles and personal forms of the auxiliary verb to be are usually dropped.

2. The information about recent events is conveyed using Present Indefinite form. This as if brings an event nearer to the reader and enhances their interest.

3. Future action is often rendered using the Infinitive.

4. Sometimes in the headline the predicate is dropped because it is of less importance in the sentence.

5. To attract readers' attention to the predicate and provoke their interest the subject is dropped if it is of less importance then the predicate.

6. The Genitive case due to its structural compactness is used with inanimate nouns instead of the prepositional construction with of.

7. Often popular nicknames and contracted names are used instead of family names of some politicians, actors, sportsmen etc.

8. For giving some emotional tone to the common lexis headlines often employ neologisms, dialectic words, poetic lexis, or slang.

9. Abbreviations and abridgements are widely used.

10. The figurative elements are often employed.

The headlines of English and American newspapers include a range of specific features that require separate approach to their translation.

Ukrainian headlines and the newspaper style in general is more fluent and restricted and the action in them contrary to the headlines of English and American newspapers is rendered more often by a noun then by a verb.

The headlines of English and American newspapers often employ abbreviations, sometimes they are letter abbreviations, and in many cases the meaning of such a headline can be understood only from the text of the article itself.

For example:

NO=OOH; ECM=European Common Market; NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization; WFTU=World Federation of Trade Unions; WFDY == World Federation of Democratic Youth; SEATO=South East Asia Treaty Organization; CENTO=Central Treaty Organization etc.

It is often necessary to read the test of an article before translation of its headline when a headline contains some figurative elements.

In many occasions a tendency to make a headline more intriguing and suspenseful results in that such a headline cannot perform its informative function correctly and actually gives no idea about the content of a notice or an article.

In such occasions a translator should expand the headline by using additional details from the text of an article.

To sum it up, we should stress that contrary to the headlines of scientific and technical articles that as a rule give some insight into the main idea of the article's content and thus in a certain way are the “key” to understanding of the text, for the newspaper headlines the situation is different.

It is often necessary to read the text beforehand to understand and translate its headline correctly. English newspaper text has a certain laconicism that in headlines takes the form of slogan-like concise pieces, being very abrupt and hectic. Our translation should retain brevity but at the same time be more fluent and rhythmical, that is peculiar to our newspaper style in general.

Consider the correctness and equivalence of the translation headliners and content from the example of the article fragment «Gas Games in Central Asia» which was published in “The Moscow News” newspaper:

Gas Games in Central Asia

The heads of the three national oil and gas companies came to Moscow where they held a meeting with Gasprom GEO Alexei Miller. This too was a departure from old traditions where the next year's price of gas was a commercial secret discussed in closely-guarded bilateral meetings. Following this meeting however, Gazprom's press service issued a press release that said: “Based on the interests of national economies and taking into account international obligations to guarantee reliable and uninterrupted deliveries of energy resources, starting in 2009 Central Asian countries well sell their natural gas for European prices”.

There are 5 types of equivalence:

1. The equivalence of the first type translation is maintained in that part of the original contents which constituted the communication aim.

2. At the second type of equivalence the general part of the original

content and translation are not transferred only the similar communication aim but also reflects the same extralinguistic situation.

. At the third type of equivalence there is a lack of parallelism of lexical and syntactic structure.

4. At the fourth type of equivalence as well as in the third type

the substantial part of original syntactic structures values are reproduced in translation.

5. At the final, the fifth type of equivalence achieved the maximal closeness content degree of original and translation, which can be between texts in different languages.

Lexical difficulties of translation

Every word in a language carries some concrete notion. The semantic of a word reflects different signs of the subject and the relation of its meanings of other objects it denotes. The semantic of a word includes word perception characteristics to the studied language, being more precise to the bearers of the studied language. When studying yhe reality of some object we can indentify that its name reveals its function in the semantics of the word. Let's take as an example the word glasses - очки. In English it reveals the substance of which the object is made in Russian firstly it reveals its function - second eyes - глаза.

Despite distinguishing all kinds of differences we should say that, both languages sufficiently reflect one and the same perception of reality. Therefore the difficulty stylistic devices represents to a translator is based on word play, if in corresponding words of both languages are featured different signs.

The second reason, causing lexical difficulties to translation of different types of newspaper articles is the difference in the semantic volume of a word. In every language a word exists in a close connection with the lexical-semantic system of a given language. It may have various kinds of lexical meanings (lexical-semantic) variants; it may widen or narrow its meaning and make it more abstract or concrete.

The third reason presenting lexical difficulties in translation the difference in combinability. Words in language have some definite relation characteristic only to given language. It should be mentioned that word combinability is possible if

words point to similar objects they denote. This difference of word combinability are easily accepted in one of languages and are completely unacceptable in other languages.

Last but not the least is the accepted usage of words in a language. It is, of course related to the development of given languages and formation of its lexical

system. Every language worked out its own clicks and some set expressions used speakers, nevertheless those word expressions are not phraseological units but they possess complete form, which, in comparison with the phraseological units, are never broken by adding some introductory words or substitution of some of its elements.

Stylistic difficulties of translation

In the previous chapter we carefully considered the grammatical and lexical transformations that occur while translating political literature from English into Russian. And we have figured out that most of these reasons are rooted in national and cultural settings of both languages.

Practically, stylistic devices in almost all languages are similar still though their functions in speech vary. Identical stylistic devices are used differently in

languages; they perform different functions and have different value in stylistic system of their language what actually explains their necessity when transformations in translation occur. The stylistic changes are as necessary as grammatical or lexical ones. While applying some grammatical or

lexical transformation in translation the translator is guided by principle of rendering grammatical of lexical meaning. When rendering stylistic meaning of the source text a translator should be guided by the same principle - to recreate in translation the same impression that might be left by the original text.

A translator should not try to preserve the stylistic devices given in the sentence, but reproduce its function in the target language.

We should not forget that almost all stylistic devices are multi functional. It is like when polysemantic words in English and Russian languages do not coincide in their lexical-semantic variants and the same is when differ the function of

identical stylistic device. Thus when comparing stylistic devices we can easily indentify complete correspondence, partial correspondence and even sometimes absence of correspondence and their functions.

To illustration it we can compare alliteration in the English and Russian languages. The function of alliteration coincides in both languages- in this function alliteration is one of the basic devices of poetic speech. However the usage of alliteration for pleasant sounding in prose is more characteristic for the English language, than for Russian. The second function of alliteration is logical. Alliteration emphasizes close relationship between components of the statement. Especially brightly alliteration shows the unity of an epithet with an attributed word.

The third function of alliteration in English language - to attract attention of the reader - is widely used in the names of literary works, newspaper headings and often in articles.

The use of alliteration is a convincing acknowledgement that various functions of stylistic devices in different languages do not always coincide in usage.

We have already discussed functional translation of stylistic devices But it is extremely important to distinguish in the translated text original and imagined alliterations so that to avoid unnecessary emphasizing and to keep stylistic equivalence which divsents necessary component of adequate translation, there is a constant danger to smooth and de-color the original text or, the contrary, to make translation brighter and stylistically colored. But sometimes a translator consciously applies some «smoothing» or neutralization in other words.

References.

6. Basnett-McGuire, translation features, New York Publishing house 1980.

7. Malchevskaya, Exercise book on translation of humanitarian texts, Saint Petersburg 1980.

8. Arnold I.V., Modern English. Textbook for high schools. , 2002.

9. Schweitzer A.D., Translation and linguistics, 1980.

10. Komisarov V.N., Linguistics in Translation, 2000.

11. Rasinkina N.M., Functional stylistics of English.

12. Pual Falla, The Oxford Russian Dictionary Oxford-Moscow, 1997.

13. Turaeva Z.Y., Text Linguistics. Text: Structure and Semantics, 2001.