35. the category of time correlation. There is no unity of opinions concerning the essence of the perfect forms. there exist 4 different lines of approach to perfect forms: 1) Some linguists (Sweet, Jesperson, Gantshina) regard perfect forms as tense forms. some other scholars consider them to be aspect forms. Professor Ilyish calls perfect forms ‘forms of the resultative aspect’. Deutschbein, West and Vorontsova call perfect forms transmissive aspect. professor Ivanova refers perfect forms to tense-aspect system. The 3 named points of view seemed to be erroneous. The 4th line of approach is represented by Professor Smirnitsky who arrived at the conclusion that this category is neither one of tense nor that of aspect. He proves his point of view into following way: He takes the form ‘has spoken’ and says if the perfect forms were a tense category, than the present perfect would be a union of 2 different tenses – the present and perfect. This is clearly impossible, because if a form already belongs to a tense category (Present for example), it cannot simultaneously belong to another tense category. Otherwise, 2 particular tense categories in 1 form would collide. Thus, it follows that the category of perfect forms can’t be a tense category.
Grammatical category of time correlation – GC which marks the anteriority of the action to the temporal axis of orientation (present, past, etc.), as opposed to simultaneity of the action with the temporal axis.
Time Correlation interprets the concept of time from the asp of temporal asp of actions. The gr cat-ry of Time is constituted by the oppos-ion of Perf/Nonperf forms. There are diffr opinions on the oppos-ion. We share the view of Smirnitskij who treats the oppos as a separate gr cat-ry "The c-ry of Time correlation".
The marked member is built with the help of the discontinious form "Have+ed". The meaning of the Perf form includes 2 interrelated components: priority, correlation to another act or point of time in the Pres, Past, Futur.
This cat-ry is Antropological: it reflects the speaker's interpretation of the relations b/w the actions. In certain context the General meaning of priority can be modefied & presented by several syntagmatic meanings:
1) Result it is found with terminative verbs & appears to be the result of the gr meaning of priority & the aspective char-re of the verb.
2) Experience is the most evident manifestation of the anthropological char-re of the cat-ry. Pr Perf denotes a past act which has a pres time relevance for the speaker.
3) Continuation of the past act in the pres is found with durative V. Ex: I've been here for months.
4) An unfulfield act is found after the modal verbs: be might, ought, should & after the verbs of hope, intention, expectation used in the past tense.the Perf form showes that the expected act wasn't realized.
5) Intensity- absolute complition of the act. This use of Perf forms is very expressive. The Past Perf interrupts the line of a sucsession of past actions. Ex: He walked & whistled & suddenly he had stopped.
In the text the Perf form forms a retrospective to understand the causitive-consequitive relations b/w the act-s.
The weak memberof the oppos has a very wide & general meaning. The oppos Perf/Nonperf may be neutralized when the meaning of priority is expressed by other elements of context (on, upon, after+Ger).
The cat-ry needs spec attention in teaching because priority & correlation don't have gr expression in R.
Many scholars (Smirnitsky) are of the opinion that the English perfect – non-perfect forms represent a special grammatical category – the category of correlation which is expressed in the system of two-member opposemes: writes – has written; wrote – had written; writing – having written; to be written – to have been written, etc. showing whether the action is viewed as prior to (perfect forms) or irrespective of other actions or situations (non-perfect forms) (Smirnitsky, Barkhudarov).
The category of correlation is closely connected with those of tense and aspect. All the views on the essence of the perfect forms in English may be classified into:
1) Otto Gespersen and others treat the perfect forms as a tense category.
2) Vorontsova Ilyish and others treat the perfect forms as an aspect category together with such forms as the continuous aspect and common aspect.
The category of correlation is characteristic of finites and non-finites of the indicative and the subjunctive mood (with the exception of the imperative mood, participle II and subjunctive I).
E.g. The plane is reported to have left (to leave). She speaks as if she had been there herself. His having taken the book is out of the question.
Many scholars find two perfect meanings: inclusive and exclusive. E.g. How long have u been here? (inclusive). Where have u been (exclusive).
Gordon and Krylova distinguish 3 uses of the present perfect.
1) Present Perfect I shows that the action took part in the past without mentioning any definite circumstances under which it occurred: He is very sensitive. I have discovered that…
It is used to open up conversations, to introduce a new topic, to sum up a situation:
E.g. What is it they have done? So you have done nothing?
The attention is concentrated on the action itself.
2) Present Perfect II expresses an action, which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it.
E.g. I have known him since childhood.
3) Present Perfect III is used to express a future action.
E.g. When you have had your tea we’ll see about it. The main sphere of Present Perfect is direct speech.
The Past Perfect has the same meanings but is used mainly in narration, referring to the past: E.g. She was no fool. She had read much and with good sense.
The Future Perfect is used in two cases 1) to express a completed action before a given future moment and 2) an action which begins before a given moment in the future and continues into it or up to it; the later is rather seldom. E.g. I suppose we shall have made up our minds whom we going to elect.
