1. The subject of Lexicology and the main lexicological problems

9. Hyponymy.
When the meaning of one form in included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as Hyponymy. (animal-dog, dog-pudel). The concept of inclusion involved this relationship is the idea that if an object is a rose than it is necessarily a flower, of the rose is a hyponym of a flower. When we consider hyponymous connections we are essentially looking at the meaning of words in some type of hierarchical relationship. We can represent the relationships in the following diagram

Living thing

Creature Plant
Animal Insect Vegetable Flower Tree
Dog Snake Horse Ant Cockroach carrot rose oak poodle asp
Horse the hyponym of animal or cockroach is a hyponym of insect. Animal & insect are called superordinate (high-level terms). We can also say that two or more words that share the same superordinate term are co-hyponyms. Dog & horse are co-hyponyms & superordinate term is animal.
The relationship of hyponymy captures the concept of “is a kind of” as when we give the meaning of a word by saying “an asp is a kind of snake”. Sometimes the only thing we know about the meaning of a word is that it is a hyponym of another term. It’s worth emphasizing that it’s not only words for things. Words such as “shoot punch kick stab”, words describing actions, can also be treated as co-hyponyms of the superordinate term “injure”/

10.Polysemy.
When we accounted two more words with the same form and relative meaning we have technically known as polysemy. Polysemy can be defined as one form( written or spoken) having multiple meanings that are all related by abstention( E.g. head- used to refer an object of our body and person at the top of the company etc.). if the word has multiple meanings they will be a single entry with a numbered least of the different meanings of that word. If two words are treated as homonyms they will typically form two separate entries. Of course, it is possible for 2 forms to be distinguished through homonymy and for one of the forms also to have various uses via polysemy.
Many words in English are polysemantic or have a complicated semantic structure. There are few monosemantic words in English. They are mainly special terms like morpheme, numerals etc.
In a polysemantic words various meanings or lexica semantic variants(L S V) coexist as a certain period of the English language. All L S V of a word taken together from its semantic structure.