1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

41. The expression of quantity by nouns in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.
Cat. of number:
Isomorphic:
- Singularia tantum nouns (-parts of the world: the North, захід; - material: gold, water, вода; -collective: hair, білизна; -abstract: kindness, відвага, гамір)
- Pluralia tantum nouns (- summation: tongs, scissors, окуляри, ворота; - remnants: leavings, висівки, недоїдки; - games: cards, billiards, шахи, кеглі; -abstract: contents, будні, злидні).
Allomorphic:
- Ukr. number forming inflexions are determined by the declension group (син – сини, снігур - снігурі), by the gender of nouns and final consonant or vowel, which can respectively be hard, soft or mixed (sibilant).
- dual number in Ukr. (два слова),
- many nouns do not coincide in number in Engl. and Ukr. (Pl. barracks, goods, customs - Sg. казарма, товар, митниця; Sg. cream, yist, money - Pl. вершки, дріжджі, гроші);
- some Engl. nouns have no clear number distinction (deer, swine, sheep, Ukr. – only borrowed кенгуру, таксі);
- Eng. the formation of plural by way of sound interchange (ablaut): foot — feet.
- Engl. borrowed noun inflexions: Latin: -a- -ae (alga — algae); -us- -i: (stimulus — stimuli); -um- -a (datum-data); Greek: -is, -es (analysis — analyses) and –on, -a (phenomenon — phenomena).


42. The category of definiteness / indefiniteness and its realization in the languages compared.
Eng.: - morphological means: article (a, the), pronoun (any, some; this, that), numerals (one) or any other determining or identifying adjunct (Bristol –town, the Bristol – hotel).; -analytical: attributive clauses (..the man, I saw yesterday), appositions (the Torry Government).
Ukr.: - morph.: pronouns (def/indef- якийсь, цей), numerals (def/indef один), adj. or any other adjunct (дівчина-парашутистка); -analytical: shifting of the indefinite noun into the final position of the sentence – Двері відчинилися і до класу ввійшов вчитель).