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Integration of text components
Language is presented in the form of speech: oral and written. Written speech appeared later than oral speech. Writing was invented to store information and transmit it in time and space. Thanks to this, we can find out information recorded many centuries ago very far from the place where we are now. The advent of writing is as important a milestone in the development of human civilization as the advent of a computer today. Even more important.
Oral speech is a stream of sounds, but a stream organized according to special laws. The minimum units of oral speech are sounds.
Sounds can be pronounced.
Sounds can be heard.
For this, a person has special organs: the speech apparatus and the organs of hearing.
Letters are conditional and not always accurate designations of sounds in a letter.
Letters can be written.
The letters can be read.
To do this, a person has a hand and writing tools: a pencil, pen, chalk, charcoal, and today a computer. Letters are perceived by sight. The human eye is the organ of vision.
2. Units of the lexical level
Lexicology studies various lexical units: morphemes, words, variable word- groups and phraseological units. We proceed from the assumption that the word is the basic unit of language system, the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plane of linguistic analysis.
What is the unit of lexical level?
In lexicography, a lexical item (or lexical unit / LU, lexical entry) is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary).
What is the lexical level?
The lexical level consists of stored mental representations of known words and morphemes; the sublexical level consists of knowledge of rules and patterns that govern how and where letters are used in spellings (Apel, Henbest, & Masterson, 2019).
What are the types of lexical?
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open lexical categories. In contrast, closed lexical categories rarely acquire new members. They include conjunctions (e.g., and, or, but), determiners (e.g., a, the), pronouns (e.g., he, she, they), and prepositions (e.g., of, on, under).
What is a lexical morpheme?
Words that have meaning by themselves—boy, food, door—are called lexical morphemes. ... The morphemes that occur only in combination are called bound morphemes (e.g., -ed, -s, -ing).
What is function of lexical unit?
A lexical function (LF) is a tool developed within Meaning-Text Theory for the description and systematization of semantic relationships, specifically collocations and lexical derivation, between particular lexical units (LUs) of a language. ...
What is lexical meaning and example?
Lexical meaning is defined as the meaning of a base or root word without considering any prefix or suffix which may be attached. An example of lexical meaning is the meaning of the word "port" in the words import or portable.
What is lexical and functional words?
What are lexical and functional phrases? Lexical words all have clear meanings that you could describe to someone. They're also all nouns, which is one type of lexical word. Functional, or grammatical, words are the ones that it's hard to define their meaning, but they have some grammatical function in the sentence.
How many lexical categories are there?
five lexical categories
The five lexical categories are: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, and Preposition.
What are lexical and functional categories?
Functional categories: Elements which have purely grammatical meanings (or sometimes no meaning), as opposed to lexical categories, which have more obvious descriptive content.
What are lexical words and structural words?
Lexical words denote objects, actions, qualities, etc.; structure words produce meanings like the time of action, relationships between objects, definite or indefinite object, etc. However, more important than the kinds of meaning is the way in which these meanings are conveyed.
What is the importance of lexical categories?
The fundamental importance of lexical categories is uncontroversial within both formal and functional approaches to grammatical analysis. Indeed, this is asserted in introductory linguistics textbooks in both traditions; compare, for example, O'Grady, Dobrovolsky and Aronoff (1997:164) with Finegan (2006: 35).
What is the difference between lexical class and functional class?
One fundamental distinction between lexical and functional categories is that lexical categories freely and regularly admit new members, whereas functor categories do not.
What is the difference between lexical and phrasal categories?
Phrasal category refers to the function of a phrase. Examples include noun phrases and verb phrases. ... According to some definitions, lexical category only deals with nouns, verbs, and adjective and, depending on whom you ask, prepositions.
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