1. The first Germanic consonant shift. Grimm's Law. Verner's Law. The shift of stress

Class IV The verbs of this class have only one consonant after the short root vowel, and it is a sonorant - r or -l in rare cases - in or n -The scheme of gradation is

e - e; - e;- o

stelan - stxl - stxlon - stolen (to steal) Here also belong beran (to bear), cwelan (to die), helan (to conceal) etc.

Class V These verbs also have a short root vowel followed by only one consonant other than r, l, or n and here the basic vowels are:

e — x - x — e sprecan - sprec — spriecon - sprecen (to speak)

Other verbs that formed their past tense and the participle II without deviation from the original scheme are metan (to measure), etan (to eat), wesan (to be) etc.

In the verbs where the first short sound had palatal mutation, the consonant after it in the infinitive (originally one, as is common for this class of verbs) was doubled:

sittan - sxt - sxton - seten (to sit)