1. Flipped Instruction Description

Theoretical Link
Sociocultural theory: Lev Vygotsky, one of the most famous educational psychologists, invented this approach to help teachers provide lessons that are at the right level for progressing a student’s learning.


Examples

1. 
   Weave the ZDP into a lesson plan by stating that you will assess a student’s current ability then teach them the thing that is the logical next.step.
   
2. 
   Another way to do this is create three student worksheets for three different ability levels. State in your lesson plan that you will assess each student’s ability and give them the appropriate worksheet. Each worksheet should build on the previous to help students move through their ZPD one step at a time.
   

98. Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Positive reinforcement is the use of praise, stickers, candy or other rewards to show students that they have done a good job.
Teachers can stack positive reinforcements so students can take steps to get small, medium and large rewards to encourage students to keep on trying and working hard consistently.


Benefits

• 
  Students get clear signals to know when they have done well.
  
• 
  Students get encouragement to keep going and keep trying in order to get the reward.
  

Challenges

• 
  Too much positive reinforcement can come across as insincere and lose students’ respect. Furthermore, students may become desensitized to praise if it occurs too much. Praise ‘scarcity’ makes occasional praise more valuable.
  
• 
  Explicit reinforcements are extrinsic motivation. The best sort of motivation is intrinsic motivation (wanting to do something for the pleasure of doing it).
  

Theoretical Link
Behaviorism: Positive reinforcement is believed to be beneficial for changing behavior over time. See: John Watson’s operant conditioning examples.
Examples

1. 
   Sticker charts
   
2. 
   Praise
   
3. 
   A subtle nod or wink
   
4. 
   Certificates and awards
   
5. 
   A smile