APPENDIX 1 Questions What are the main types of lexical transformations?
What is a lexical substitution?
What are the main characteristics features of lexical substitution?
What are the mechanisms of specification and generalization?
What are the mechanisms of lexical substitution?
What is an antonymic translation?
What is the technique of antonymic translation?
APPENDIX 2 Exercise 4. Translate into Uzbek or Russian, paying attention to the lexical transformation (substitution). Model: Nicholas' girl- cousin scraped her knee rather, painfully.
Николаснинг холаваччаси тиззасини қаттиқ уриб олди.
Кузина Николаса довольно сильно ободрала колено.
The difficulty in the translation is in the disparity of the combinability of the words scraped painfully in English, Uzbek and Russian. The way of translation — lexical transformation—contextual substitution— қаттиқ уриб олди; СИЛЬНО ободрала
1. These walks had a favorable effect on her health.
2. «Do try to remember one thing, anyway! » — said Digams to Fatty in anger. (S. Lewis) 3. Ira Hinkley ignored the fact. (S. Lewis.) 4. Elderly people have some peculiar affection for children.
5. I am completely unaware of the cause of their quarrel.
6. All the Digams tried to do their best to help Fatty. (S, Lewis) 7 Such parts of the house as Nicholas knew best were rather bare and cheerless. (H. Munro,) 8. The aunt-by-assertion was one of those people who think that things spoil by use. (H. Munro.) 9. Neat but extreme poverty was- the story that he read.
10. His cousins' aunt hastily invented the Jagborough expedition.
11. Four galloping wolves were coming in his direction through the wood, (H. Munro.) 12. Nicholas sat for many golden minutes revolving the possibilities of the scene. (H. Munro.) 13. Nicholas was inclined to think that the man and his dogs were in a tight comer. (H, Munro.) 14. Less promising in appearance was a large square book with plain black covers. (H. Munro.) 15. 1 can see you all the time. (H. Munro.) 16. The huntsman could hit a large stag at a ridiculously short range. (/'/. Munro') 17. They writhed, scratched their chins, bit their fingers and beat their temples in the endeavour to give the right answer. (S. Lewis.) 18. At examination-time Digamma Pi fraternity showed its value to urgent seekers after wisdom. (S. Lewis). 19. Nicholas had pictured to himself that region that was so carefully sealed from youthful eyes. (H, Munro.) 20. The University had become his world. (S. Lewis.) 21. The traditional suspect of a detective story is a person who benefits from the death of the murdered man.
22. Nothing happened in the morning but when the good news came, the next hour was a succession of handshakes and laughing comments.
23. During my youthful days discontent never visited my mind.
24. Our life in the house followed a quiet pattern.
25. She made a mental note to check up the information presented by the secretary.
26. When the white figure emerged at the window there was a spooky silence, but in a moment we recognized George and burst into laughter. (S. Lewis.) 27. Mamma is smiling with all her might.
28. I literally ran out of answer and very soon the continual smiling and handshaking became a bore.
29. I' ve never suspected you to be so dressconscious.
30. A mightier hope abolishes despair.
31. Quite the other way round.
32. Byth Hope and the Professor were rather subdued not quite their customary selves.
33. The malicious words made her wince; the ill-bred hint sent an indignant flush to her chteks.
34. The best way to abolish darkness is to give light, and the best way to abolish fully is to spread wisdom.
35. He found he had little petrol left and stopped to fill in.
36. She is the gentlest creature living not at all the type to bear malice or nurse grievance.
37. In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains.
38. Now the fighting was in the next mountains beyond and was not a mile away.
