" Linguistic features of the words related to fashion in English and Uzbek languages"

Chapter III. Linguacultural features of two languages on the matter of fashion words

3.1. Words of fashion notion are cultural concept

Numerous lexical spaces drop beneath the dominance of English. This is often just a fad since the vocabulary is the foremost changing etymological level. Speakers require to be mindful of how this impact is worked out and what cruel the borrowed words. Romanians are usual to utilizing numerous words from other dialects because they have been beneath distinctive spaces and impacts. Communication requires knowing the meanings and the root of words. In common, the terms used within the field of mold were of intrigued to all speakers. The correct knowledge and the suggested implications of lexicons and pros help to get it and utilize these words to the fullest degree. The reason for drawing nearer this space is that we have taken note the large extent of Anglicism’s utilized by Romanians within the lexical field of fashion nowadays. The beginning suspicion was based on as it were one source (Elle magazine), however the same demonstrated to be genuine almost the moment source - a TV show tending to to a bigger group of onlookers. The point of this paper is to create a mini-corpus of Anglicism’s collected from the space of mold and to comment upon them. To set up the corpus of the English mold related words into Romanian, the most Romanian word references have been dissected. The corpus was at that point improved by including English borrowings show in fashion related magazines, websites, web journal, articles. More often than not, mold is related to French. Truly, the contention between French and English starts with the 16th century when English was given more consideration and started to create a discussion among researchers. The headmaster of Dealer Taylors’ School, Richard Mulcaster, made one of the most capable confessions associated to English: “I adore Rome, but London better. I support Italy, but Britain more. I honor the Latin, but I revere the English”. (Mulcaster qtd. in Gem 2004: 72). By this, he protected the language against those idealists who claimed that English “should not wrest the long-established put of Latin.” (Precious stone 2004: 72). Within the 17th century, prospects arranged to English spreading were not exceptionally well formed as compared to those spreading of French and Spanish. It was too seen as being rather weak compared to Latin. There was a consistent distraction for the emergence of English as well as its control over other dialects. Whereas French has 121 fallen, English got to be the center of consideration among other countries. On the back of these verifiable occasions and the extension of the British Domain comes upon the channel of globalization, “spurred on by the financial quality of the USA after the Moment World War”. The degree of globalization of a dialect is specifically affected by the speakers who utilize it. Whereas the common inclination is to connect the distinction of a language to the ‘how many’ talk the dialect, in reality it has more to do with ‘who’ talks the dialect. The test of time illustrates that authority of a language isn't guaranteed by the number of its speakers. For occasion, within the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese was spread all over the world due to their dominant country as well as to commerce purposes. But exploration, trade, and territorial success were not sufficient to create it final. Additionally, Gem gives the example of Romans to appear that “when they succeed, on the international stage, their dialect succeeds. Dialect contact takes put at whatever point “speakers competent in more than one dialect are present”. The impacts of language contact are different, and a few of them, as borrowings for occasion, appear to come up with few hypothetical issues. On one hand, it is genuine to claim that a significant portion of borrowings come to fill lexical holes as a result of the truth that “speech communities have trouble in catching up with social and technical progress of the societies”. On the other hand, borrowings are too coming about of speaker’s individual choice. For the most part, the choices of idiolects are considered self-assertive in most of their time. In any case, beneath the clearly chaotic choice there's a strong motivation that's associated to the statistic quality, control and distinction of a language. Therefore, this paper regards a couple of Anglicism within the contemporary Romanian media as an impact of the English glory. They are too portion of the vocabulary normal elements and the forms it experiences persistently. That is, their nearness within the Romanian dialect is one of the numerous changes any vocabulary endures in time. At whatever point these changes are not decided by contact with other dialects, they are called inner changes, and when they are a result of the dialect contact with other dialects, they are recognized as external ones. Anglicism could be a term that can work as an umbrella to “cover any instance of transmission from English to, or a generic term utilized to depict the event of English terms in other languages. We propose three lists. Accepted English Loanwords (words with English origins) Blazer a) Morphological highlights: impartial thing, plural blazere, articulated blazerul (sg.), blazerele (pl.) Semantic properties: the sense is indistinguishable with the English one. b) English meaning: A light coat of shinning colour worn at cricket or other sports. Presently more often than not an unlined coat of lightweight fabric (often flannel), as often as possible with coloured stripes, beautified edges, or a identification on the breast-pocket, worn esp. with sports dress or as portion of a school uniform. b) Romanian meaning: “Veston noise stofă (flanel), de obicei de culoare închisă și cu un ecuson pe buzunarul de la piept”. Boxeri a) Morphological highlights: uncountable thing, pluralia tantum, articulated boxerii Semantic properties: b) English definition: (boxer shorts/boxers) “men's clothing that fits loosely and is comparable to brief trousers”. Whereas in English it indicates a bit of cloth limited to the masculine sexual orientation, in Romanian its meaning is broadened alluding to underwear in common. In addition, it happens without the moment constituent (boxer-shorts). The word boxeri is pluralia tantum in both languages. Cardigan a) Morphological highlights: fix thing, plural cardigane, articulated cardiganul (sg), cardiganele (pl). Semantic properties: b) English meaning: “a piece of clothing, more often than not made from fleece, that covers the upper portion of the body and the arms, affixing at the front with buttons, and more often than not worn over other clothes”. c) Perceptions: This word, cardigan, appears to indicate a British reality, a certain sort of sweater. For this reason it may be a essential loanword which has no proportionate in Romanian. It was completely embraced by the Romanian morphological framework. So, for the plural frame it gets the Romanian -e desinence for plural. Jeans a) Morphological highlights: this word shows up with the variants: jeans, jeanși, blugi; manly thing, pluralia tantum pants, jeanși, blugi, articulated jeanșii/blugii 129 Semantic properties: the sense is indistinguishable with the English one b) English meaning: “Trousers made of blue jean cloth or (in afterward use) blue denim, presently ordinarily strengthened with bolts at focuses of strain.” A mixa a) Morphological highlights: fundamental verb, individual verb, transitive verb, utilized within the dynamic voice, to begin with conjugation Semantic properties b) English meaning: “Juxtapose or put together to make a entirety whose constituent parts are still distinct”. The theory of this paper was that overpowering number of English words within the Romanian lexicon is advocated by the prestige of the 137 English dialect instead of the etymological crevice. Setting the theoretical background, the primary point was to get it where the distinction of English language comes from. The paper examined the anglicisms as a vehicle of assuring a language's elements, at the side other inside and external processes. Borrowings practically improve the semantic stock in the receiving dialect and their overstated utilize ought to not caution the linguists since a dialect will overcome the phonetic distinction of the FL and spare as it were the essential etymological things. Exceptionally few would debate the genuine reality that we have a inclination to board a World, wherever local economy, politics and culture do not longer have a place to and impact their quick environment alone, in any case an larger than average extent of the leftover portion of the world. This setting of combining borders has involved intense changes within the strategy item and administrations unit made and distributed and in in any case information and ideas square measure transmitted. Mold, each a commerce and a social shrewd, has not been acid-fast to that: on the one hand, fashion may be a multi-billion greenback exchange that must survive in an exceedingly a parcel of and a lot of competitive world advertise and turn out for a trans-continental gathering of people; and, on the inverse hand, it's additionally Associate in Nursing unimportant shrewd & hence the method it's transmitted, shared and made changes together with society. Each design and financial handle unit progressed & three marvels, and therefore. We will examine in spite of the fact that this and the way has adjusted in design with globalization, specializing within the influence economic and social globalization have had inside the transmission of patterns additionally the structure and conduct of the commerce. Firstly, design is one in all the few social stock that we include with America every day and have a job in our presence, that the approach patterns square measure created and transmitted is influenced each by changes inside the dissemination of culture– because it happened with social globalization and by changes in society. Besides, cloth exchange has, as each different, been tormented by financial globalization. In any case, not just like the other commerce, design produce transient social stock, at that point the gathering of articles of clothing has conjointly been tormented by the unused demonstrate of transmission of patterns with social globalization. The improvement of human society was truly within the course of the advance of its socio-cultural sphere. Basically, people persistently wished to create a few common traditions and propensities which will be common for a selected community. This slant could be decided in a few circles of life and it's still imperative nowadays. Probably, the foremost obvious the deliberate of people to possess one thing in common is additionally found in mold that's an especially imperative a part of human life. In reality, mold wasn't basically a shot of people to encourage comparative inclinations in articles of clothing, music, etc. be that as it may it absolutely was conjointly an extremely imperative social issue that joined together people. Really, design full fills indistinguishable work these days moreover since it did all through its history. Be that as it may, it's need to have say that fashion is one in each of the first chop-chop energetic feature of social and person life as a result of among the final fifty a long time exclusively design has advanced significantly and, what's most likely a parcel of imperative, the later patterns clarify to the increasing speed of altering of fashion. Nevertheless, design interminably served as a strategy of expressive fashion of individuals, it's furthermore a superb chance to illustrate individual’s peculiarity though' this peculiarity tends to vanish as directly as a few item of design truly gets to be advanced. In such a state of issues it's very interesting to follow the advancement of mold interior the last fifty a long time that obviously reflects the advancement of human society interior this period of your time. Be that as it may, some time recently talking about the verifiable improvement of mold interior final fifty a long time, it's fundamental to in short stay upon the idea of design so as to higher see its quintessence and, hence, see the part mold plays within the lifetime of the total society and each person particularly. Talking with respect to design, it's necessary to indicate that it's fundamentally a socio-cultural advancement. Essentially, mold infers this drift inside the existing mode. Moreover, it's truly related to the preeminent later patterns. To put it a parcel of precisely, mold is that the current well-liked mode of expression. it's fundamental to underline that mold tends to duplicate the ultimate social patterns or may be establish them amid a approach as a result of cutting edge truly is additionally related to dynamic, the foremost advanced, in spite of the fact that it doesn't basically implies that the foremost effective. In reality, mold can't be completely related to advance, like logical advance, as a case. At a comparable time, it need to be seen that as a rule mold is limited inside the in {fashion fashionable common wide spread standard} recognition by wear fashion, or dress. Be that as it may, it's a plain botch that mold could also be alluded only to the planet of articles of clothing additionally the craftsmanship of dressing. Instep, it's a guest term which will discuss with elective circles of life. As an case, mold conjointly be is additionally connected to music, photography, and even mode at mammoth. In reality, what design through and through circles have in common is that the undeniable reality that fashion is verifiably related to excitement and class that completely compare to the first later trends. Obviously, it's doable to see at design as a sort of craftsmanship that constitutes a critical a portion of the social lifetime of society. It demonstrates on the distant side a question that mold reflects the strategy of adjustment in society. We live in a society that constantly develops. New objects in different spheres arise and they need to be named. That is why no science can exist without neologisms, new words. Though the neologisms dominate in the field of knowledge, other people, not only scientists, can also feel the necessity to express and interpret reality by new ways and create new words that would reflect it.

One of the different spheres of human activities which plays a big role in creating neologisms is fashion industry. Every day designers, creators of new fashion styles renew old words or give new names to the objects, clothes and everything which is connected to the fashion world. Then editors of famous magazines and models do not have a choice other than using that strange unknown words until people start understand and also use them in their speech. That is a process of new words of fashion world entering a language. At the present moment fashion is developing very swiftly and there is so called “neology blow up” in this sphere. For example, recent years’ advertisers promote such new words as backsters – beech sandals with thick soles or swetnik which is understood as a long jacket. Linguists often classify neologisms by its degree of use in a language. The newborn word is at first unstable, and it’s hard to guess whether it will take hold and eventually be a word that most people know and use. A diffused neologism means that many people are using the word, but it doesn’t yet have formal recognition as a word, and ultimately, if the word remains popular it may attain stable status. It has become part of the language and is likely to be defined in dictionaries. At first, the neologisms were a kind of a secret language among the fashion industry, etymologists say. Yet they're going mainstream. Now, editors of the prestigious Oxford English Dictionary are tracking them for possible inclusion.

A neologism matchy-matchy can serve as an example. It is an adjective used to describe something or someone that is very or excessively colour coordinated. It is a term that is commonly used in fashion blogs to describe an outfit that is too coordinated and consists of too many of the same types of colors, patterns, fabrics, accessories, etc. Matchy-matchy was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2010 along with 200 new words. This neologism is used mostly in fashion blogs dealing with something being too alike or matching too much. Wearing tops and bottoms that match is the new look in fashion. Lexicographers are facing a challenge these days since many new words achieve popularity and acceptance in a short time period. There was a time when new words of mode, in order to be considered for inclusion, had to be in use for two or three years. This is not the case now. In today's age of unusual clothes and new different styles, new terms are created in a blink of an eye. Assessing whether a new word is evanescent or eternal is a job lexicographers take seriously.

The men and women’s collection shows at different Fashion Weeks all over the world give rise to more neologisms. Fashion editors often lack the words to describe wacky runway concoctions. At Hermès’ women's fashion collection in March, for instance, "poots" was coined to identify a pair of leather pants that segue into boots. All neologisms of fashion world fall into various categories. Therefore, we can classify neologisms in the fashion sphere into several semantic groups such as neologisms of clothing, footwear and bags. It is crystal clear that the neologisms pertaining to the clothing consist of new words which name particular types of clothes. There are some examples of it:

Slimster or string – miniscule bikini for women; Hipsters – trousers or skirt with the belt on hips; Completenik – a long sweater for trousers; Pants-skirt bloomers – lady’s sports trousers;

Treggings – are type of trousers made from combining trousers + leggings;

Plus size clothing clothing proportioned specifically for overweight people;

Bosnian tuxedo – any nylon or velvet track suit;

Catsuit – one piece clinging suit which was originally created to name a masquerade outfit.

There are also a lot of new words belonging to the footwear in the fashion:

Bandals – shoes combined from boots and sandals: boots + sandal;

Thongs – are open sandals for everyday outlook;

Cougar Climbers – one of the many names for the new 7-inch high heel shoes fashion craze;

Shoots – type of shoes combined with boots, this term is made by compounding two words: shoe +boots;

Winklepickers – extraordinary shoes with long pointed toes both for men and women. Neologisms belonging to the group of bags are less than in previous two, nevertheless it cannot be left unnoticed. They describe new unusual bags of different styles and take their own not less important role in fashion. For instance:

Bumbag – a small bag worn on waist, which is very comfortable and do not disturb people while working;

Maitre – a small bag for cosmetics, recently it has replaced a small makeup bag in usage;

Sling bag – a type of handbag that is worn over one shoulder with a strap that winds around the chest resting the bag on the lower back. Although it is similar to a messenger bag, a sling bag is often smaller.

We can list other neologisms which cannot be included into three main groups, but are directly connected with the world of fashion. Components of this group are new words linked to the magazines, journals, models and accessories:

Trendbook – journal which describes new styles, clothes, etc;

Trendsetter – someone who popularizes a new fashion, this can be model, celebrity or designer;

Alpha consumer – one who picks up on trends before they become trends, used as a predictor for what will be popular in a few weeks or months;

Bling-bling – shiny metal trinkets, necklaces, objects of luxury;

Boho referring to a specific Bohemian fashion style that originated in New York;

Fashionista – a fashion-conscious female, this term is used to describe a girl obsessed with fashion and trends; she only wears the best labels and latest designer name brands;

Fashion roadkill – a model who trips on the runway, or a very badly dressed person;

Armanied – very stylish, characterized by contemporary, suave fashion similar to the clothing of designer Giorgio Armani;

Spatique – a store where one can purchase or receive spa services and also buy beauty and fashion products;

Glamazon – a trendy female, it is used to denote a girl who always dresses very elaborately in the latest trends and fashions. As the world of fashion is divided into two groups of `fashion for men` and `fashion for women`, neologisms in the fashion sphere can also be divided into the same groups. Today, there are more new words connected with men’s clothing style, it's part of a special lexicon that has emerged, over the past decade, as a sort of shorthand for men's fashion. Editors of the Oxford English Dictionary are “tracking” hybrid fashion terms like “manties”, “mewelry”, and “mantyhose” for "possible inclusion" in a future edition.

The invention of new words to describe men's fashion is a symptom of the recent boom in the men's fashion industry. The sector is proving particularly resilient to economic turbulence: during the first half of this year, sales of men's apparel in the U.S. rose 4.6% while women's fell 0.8%, according to market researcher NPD Group.

The rise of men's fashion, and its corresponding lexicon, goes back to the birth of the term metrosexual in the 1990s. Used to describe a man who is concerned with his appearance, it ushered in a generation of pop culture stars who are praised, not ridiculed, for their style choices.

A few expressions deal with the less glamorous side of fashion. Some male models are said to suffer from "manorexia." Several words describe grooming more than fashion, such as "guyliner" (eyeliner for guys) and "manscaping" (the removal of hair from men's limbs and loins).

In the past decade, manbag has become particularly common – both as a product and as a word. The scientists over at Oxford English Dictionary gave "manbag" a stamp of approval five years ago – the only new men's fashion term to receive the distinction. Fiona McPherson, the dictionary's senior editor for new words, said manbag had met the test of time. She traced the word's first use back to 1968.

The following words do not actually exist in the English language – at least in dictionaries – at least not yet – though I’ve come across them all, some spoken, others written in newspapers or on blogs, in comment sections, or elsewhere. They’re all trying to be real words but somehow go off the mark. Some of them are quite charming, and maybe someday they’ll become familiar and accepted enough to enter the language completely:

Mandals – open-toed shoes that are more formal and structured than flip-flops;

Murses – a handbag for men, from male or man + purse;

Manties – men’s underwear;

Mankini – a brief one-piece bathing garment for men, with a T-back, from man + bikini;

Mantyhose – type of tights, hosiery or leggings for men, combined from man + pantyhose.

The progress of fashion, arts and mode gives occasion for the large majority of new words; for a new thing we must have a new name; hence, for instance, fashionista, murses, and winklepickers. Design exists in all perspectives of human life, counting dialect. In this setting, we allude to the marvel of dialect design, which got to be an question of etymological ponder in Russia at the turn of the 20th/21st centuries. This article is concerned with the marvel of buzzwords in advanced Russian and Chinese daily paper writings, from the viewpoint of comparative examination. Within the article, we clarify the implications of dialect design and buzzwords, examine the basic highlights of this etymological marvel, display a classification of buzzwords, characterise the most ways of broadening this gather of lexical units, and dissect the semantic and utilitarian highlights of these units. The fabric for investigation is drawn from daily paper writings in online forms of Russian and Chinese mass media assets, for the period 2016-2017. The comes about of the investigate appear that there are common highlights between the buzzwords of the two dialects. Firstly, from the point of see of beginning, the frame or meaning of the buzzwords is associated with novelty and a break with tradition. Secondly, in a semantic sense, there are lexical coincidences in the buzzwords of the two languages. Thirdly, in a functional sense, a buzzword in one or another language can act as a productive model for creating new words, and a stimulus for the realization of new ideas. The conclusion dis-cusses the prospects of studying buzzwords and language fashion in general. Distinctive dialects show up to classify color differently. American language specialists and anthropologists believed within the presence of etymological relativity. They accepted that each dialect codes their person encounters into sounds (words) in their claim person way. This implies that each language is semantically self-assertive (not related in any way to another dialect.) This would mean that color words in each dialect have no relation to another and thus there cannot be Semantic Universals. The strategies of the examination are characterized by the targets of the inquire about, a hypothetical and practical concept, sort of the analyzed material. In the work, different sorts of the investigation are implied: conceptual (organizing and investigation of the fundamental hypotheses on the substance of color terms); semantic examination (examining the semantic structure and recognizing the non-standard color terms within the analyzed lexical units); contextual and morphological examination (examining features of the setting and morphological structures of color term). Whereas discernments of color are somewhat subjective, there are a few color impacts that have a all inclusive meaning. Colors within the red area of the color range are known as warm colors and incorporate ruddy, orange and yellow. These warm colors inspire feelings ranging from sentiments of warmth and consolation to feelings of outrage and threatening vibe. Colors on the blue side of the range are known as cool colors and incorporate blue, purple and green. These colors are frequently depicted as calm, but can also call to intellect sentiments of pity or impassion. Diverse elucidation of visual pictures perception by dialect awareness in different cultures is decided by the idiosyncrasies of national considering, creativity of nature, culture, and as a result – the one of a kind determination of the most ordinary models of a concept. In every language qualification between distinctive semantic spheres and color space in specific, is implemented in an unexpected way. The contrast in the ways of dialect conceptualization is indicated by the obvious illustration. There are two words fundamental terms are the center of color vocabulary, and the terms indicating diverse shades of color, take its tremendous fringe. Hence, the study of the phonetic color world picture and languages’ world picture as a entire is possible only with all color shades. In etymology, the essential color terms and terms of color shades are considered and studied from distinctive focuses of see: comparative, historical, cognitive, sexual orientation. The existing test information bolster the hypothesis that ladies utilize a bigger set of color nominations in their discourse since their active color lexicon is much wealthier than men’s. And such fragmentary assignments as mauve, magenta, cognac are more ordinary for women’s speech. Such contrasts of utilizing color terms are explained, first of all, by the circle of social occupation and capabilities of the discernment apparatus of men and ladies. Of course, social conditions and perception peculiarities of both genders decide the fact that ladies utilize more particular names of colors in their discourse, and men constrain their discourse using only essential colors. Among the non-standard color terms utilized in women’s magazines we will identify: 1. The color terms composed of two generally accepted standard color words: gris-noir, beigerose, bleu-noir and others. 2. Color terms within the frame of a thing or a phrase signifying an question, color of which is associated with a characterized color: The circumstance in men’s way of life is changing. Fashion and corrective industry for men is growing wider. But as we see, the verbose evidences registered within the course of this consider, don't allow to talk of a stable slant to use non-standard color terms within the dialect within the men’s magazines. All of the over permit us to speak only approximately the unmistakable highlights of the women’s magazines dialect and pay consideration not only to the limitless subtleties of color, but also to those angles of the reality around us, which as it were lady is able to watch and characterize. This is often curiously in terms of semantics because it suggests that an increment in fundamental color terms can be clarified as portion of a common increase in lexicon of a dialect as a response to a culture with a richer information environment. Therefore, dialects alter in arrange to help speakers communicate more effectively. Thus, consideration to subtle elements within the description of different wonders and objects by means of non-standard color terms is the trademark of French women’s magazines. The utilize of these terms brings to cutting edge French dialect beauty and beauty, without which etymological reality is impossible.

Terminological vocabulary or terminology- English terminology uses data in comparison, firstly, with its equivalents, secondly, with terminological systems of other areas of knowledge and, thirdly, with the vocabulary of a commonly used layer of natural language. Before proceeding with the description of the features of the translation of terms in the sphere of fashion, it is required to analyze the material under study. It is known that the fashion industry is in a stage of active development, which leads to the emergence of new highly specialized terms or, conversely, terms that enter into a polysemy relationship or acquire a new color and specificity. In such conditions, translators face the problem of interpretation of the term. Touching upon the connection between language and fashion, it is necessary to emphasize that both concepts are sign systems, along with other similar sign systems, without which it is impossible to imagine the life of human society - ornament, music, dance. architecture, Suit is also a sign that carries a semantic load.