“ фаол тадбиркорлик, инновацион ғоялар ва технологияларни қЎллаб-қувватлаш йили”

Литература: 
http://vsesochineniya.ru/dostizheniya-lomonosova.html 
urok.Hut.ru 
STEPHEN WILLIAM HAWKING 
Ergashev A 2
nd
year student 
The Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute 
Languages Department 
Supervisor, teacher: Maksudova H 
Stephen William Hawking (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, 
cosmologist, and author, who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at 
the University of Cambridge at the time of his death. He was the Lucasian Professor of 
Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. 
Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular science in which he discusses 
his own theories and cosmology in general. His book A Brief History of Time appeared on the 

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British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a fellow of the 
Royal Society (FRS), a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of 
the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 2002, 
Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. His scientific works 
included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework 
of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called 
Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of 
the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vigorous supporter of the many-
worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. In 2007, Hawking and his daughter Lucy published 
George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an 
accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family. The book was 
followed by sequels in 2009, 2011, 2014 and 2016. In 2002, following a UK-wide vote, the BBC 
included Hawking in their list of the 100 Greatest Britons. He was awarded the Copley Medal from 
the Royal Society (2006), the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is America's highest civilian 
honour (2009), and the Russian Special Fundamental Physics Prize (2013).Several buildings have 
been named after him, including the Stephen W. Hawking Science Museum in San Salvador, El 
Salvador, the Stephen Hawking Building in Cambridge, and the Stephen Hawking Centre at the 
Perimeter Institute in Canada. Appropriately, given Hawking's association with time, he unveiled 
the mechanical "Chronophage" (or time-eating) Corpus Clock at Corpus Christi College, 
Cambridge in September 2008.During his career, Hawking supervised 39 successful PhD students. 
One doctoral student did not successfully complete the PhD. As required by Cambridge University 
regulations, Hawking retired as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 2009. Despite suggestions 
that he might leave the United Kingdom as a protest against public funding cuts to basic scientific 
research, Hawking worked as director of research at the Cambridge University Department of 
Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.On 28 June 2009, as a tongue-in-cheek test of his 
1992 conjecture that travel into the past is effectively impossible, Hawking held a party open to all, 
complete with hors d'oeuvres and iced champagne, but publicised the party only after it was over so 
that only time-travellers would know to attend; as expected, nobody showed up to the party.On 20 
July 2015, Hawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiatives, an effort to search for extraterrestrial 
life. Hawking created Stephen Hawking: Expedition New Earth, a documentary on space 
colonisation, as a 2017 episode of Tomorrow's World. 
Hawking had a rare early-onset slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease (also known as 
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis "ALS" or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralysed him over the 
decades. Even after the loss of his speech, he was still able to communicate through a speech-
generating device, initially through use of a hand-held switch, and eventually by using a single 
cheek muscle. He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76.